Functions of prosody.

1. The constitutive function is to form utterances as communicative units. Prosody unifies words into utterances, thus giving the latter the final form without which they cannot exist. A succession of words arranged syntactically is not a communicative unit until a certain prosodic pattern is attached to it. 2. The distinctive function of prosody manifests itself in several particular functions, depending on the meaning which is differentiated. These are communicative—distinctive, modal—distinctive, culminative ("theme— rheme") distinctive, syntactical — distinctive and stylistic—distinctive functions.

The communicative —distinctive function is to differentiate the communicative types of utterances, i.e. statements, questions, exclamations, imperatives, and communicative subtypes: within statements — statements proper (It was a'very'hot'afternoon), answers (It was a,very hot *afterhoon), announcements, etc.; within questions — first instance questions (Where did he find it?), repeated questions, (Where did he find it?) echo questions (Where did he'find it?); within imperatives — commands ( 'Don't be late!) , requests (don't be late.) and soon.

The modal — distinctive (attitudinal—distinctive) function of prosody manifests itself in differentiating modal meanings of utterances (such as certainty versus uncertainty, definiteness versus indefiniteness) and the speaker's attitudes (for instance, a reserved,dispassionate versus involved, interested attitude, or antagonistic versus friendly attitude and soon). Into this function some phoneticians include differentiation of the speaker's emotions , the emotional function.

The culminative — distinctive function of prosody manifests itself in differentiating the location of the semantic nuclei of utterances and other semantically important words. This function is often called logical, predicative and accentual.

The adherents to the theory of "sentence perspective" claim that in this way prosody indicates the "theme—rheme" organization of an utterance, i.e. it distinguishes between what is already known and what is new in the utterance.

Stylistic — distinctive function of prosody manifests itself in that prosody differentiates pronunciation (phonetic) styles, determined by extralinguistic factors.

3. The identificatory function of prosody is to provide a basis for the hearer's identification of the communicative and modal type of an utterance, its semantic and syntactical structure with the situation of the discourse.

All the functions of prosody are fulfilled simultaneously and cannot be separated one from another. They show that utterance prosody is linguistically significant and meaningful.

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