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Bilingualism and prosodic interference.

More than one language can be used in communication by the same persons. The practice of alternate use of two languages is called bilingualism. Bilingualism may be acquired "naturally" and "artificially", as a result of foreign language learning (the so—called "classroom" bilingualism).

Languages used by bilingual persons are said to be in contact. Language contacts may be of a "mass" character, involving whole language communities (as, for instance, in Russian-Byelorussian bilingualism), or they can take place in "individual" or "group" bilingualism (e.g. in Russian—English bilingualism in a study—group), since in one individual speaker there exist two distinct language systems, and the speech of bilingual persons is thus the focus of the contacts.

The major manifestation of bilingualism is interference. Language interference is a process and a result of the interaction and mutual influence of the language systems being in contact. On the speech level interference is defined, according to U.Weinreich, as "those instances of deviation from the norms of either language which occur in the speech of bilinguals as a result of their familiarity with more than one language, i.e. as a result of language contact "bilingualism have been well described by G.Torsyev and V.Vasilyev as typical phonemic and allophonic mistakes of Russian speakers of English. As for prosodic interference, it should be given a more detailed description. In speech prosodic interference manifests itself in deviations from the prosodic norm of a language which result from the influence of the other language. Prosodic interference is more essential with regard to intelligibility than phonemic interference. Of all kinds of interference (phonemic, phraseological, lexical—semantic, word—building and morphological—syntactical) prosodic interference is the most stable and widespread; very often features of prosodic interference occur in a bilingual's speech even if he has a good command of the second language.

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