The basic theories of syllable formation in the Modern English.

The syllable is the smallest pronounceable unit capable of forming morphemes, words and phrases. The syllable is a complicated phenomenon which can be viewed on four levels: acoustic, articulatory and functional. There exist numerous theories of the syllable.

We could start with the so-called expiratory (chest pulse or pressure) theory by R.H. Stetson. This theory is based on the assumption that expiration in speech is a pulsating process and each syllable should correspond to a single expiration. So the number of syllables in an utterance is determined by the number of expirations made in the production of the utterance.

Another theory of syllable put forward by O. Jespersen is generally called the sonority theory. According to O. Jespersen, each sound is characterized by a certain degree of sonority and a ranking of speech sounds could be established: the least sonorous are voiceless plosives à voiced fricatives àvoiced plosives à voiced fricatives à sonorants à close vowels àopen vowels are the most sonorous.

In Russian linguistics there has been adopted the theory of syllable by LV Shcherba. It is called the theory of muscular tension. In most languages there is the syllabic phoneme in the centre of the syllable which is usually a vowel phoneme or, in some languages, a sonorant. The phonemes preceding or following the syllabic peak are called marginal. The tense of articulation increases within the range of prevocalic consonants and then decreases within the range of postvocalic consonants.

Russian linguist and psychologist N.I. Zhinkin has suggested the so-called loudness theory which seems to combine both production and perception levels. The experiments carried out by N.I. Zhinkin showed that the arc of loudness of perception level is formed due to variations of the volume pharyngeal passage which is modified by contractions of its walls. The narrowing of the passage and the increase in muscular tension which results from it reinforce the actual loudness of a vowel thus forming the peak of the syllabic. So the syllable is the arc оf loudness which correlates with the arc of articulatory effort on the speed production level since variations in loudness are due to the work of all speech mechanisms.

In English syllable formation is based on the phonological opposition vowel – consonant. The syllable may consist of the onset, the nucleus and the coda. The nucleus plus coda constitute the rhyme. There is no syllable without the nucleus, the presence of the onset and the coda depends on the phonotactic rules of a particular language. Syllables can be open, when ending in a vowel (V, CV), closed, ending in a consonant (VC, CVC), covered, with a consonant for an onset (CV, CVC), uncovered, with no onset (V, VC), light, with a short vowel like [ə] or [ɪ] or [ʊ] and no consonants to follow, and heavy, with a long vowel or a diphthong, or a short vowel with a consonant to follow. Heavy syllables attract stress, they become stressed, while light syllables are unstressed.

There are two very important functions of syllable: 1) constitutive - its ability to be a part of a word or a word itself. The syllable forms language units of greater magnitude: words, morphemes and utterances; 2) distinctive– the syllable is characterized by its ability to differentiate words and word-forms. ([nai-treit] nitrate - [nait-reit] night-rate).

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