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In the 9th century, a series of Danish (Viking) attacks on northern English kingdoms led to them coming under Danish control. In the 10th century, however, all the English kingdoms were unified under one ruler as the kingdom of England when the last constituent kingdom, Northumbria, submitted to Edgar (named the Peaceful) in 959.

In 1066, England was conquered by the Normans, who introduced a French ruling élite that was eventually assimilated. The pretext for the invasion was the claims of William, the Duke of Normandy who was related to the king, who died in 1066, to the English throne. So on the 14th of October 1066 William landed in the south of England and the battle between the Normans and the Anglo-Saxons took place at a little village in the neighbourhood of the town now called Hastings where William defeated the Anglo-Saxons. Gradually the Normans’ power spread over the whole England. It took several years for William and his barons to subdue all the English territories and gain the sobriquet (прозвище) the Conqueror.

The growing trade led to the establishment of contacts between different parts of the country and to the development of commercial contacts between England and other countries. Through its connections with Normandy England came into closer contact with the Continent. People travelled between England and the Continent more often than before. Castles and fortresses mushroomed up all over England.

In 1085 William decided to undertake a survey of his English realm. The country was divided into circuits, and groups of commissioners gathered information which came to be known as the Domesday Book.In 1096 Oxford University was founded.

After the death of William the Conqueror in 1087 and by 1337, when the “Hundred Years' War” (1337-1453) started, 10 monarchs succeeded to the English throne coming to power one after another mostly gaining the crown with war, plot or murder. The 'Hundred Years' War' is the name historians have given to a series of conflicts, started by English King Edward III, and fought over the course of more than a century between England and France. The causes were complex and varied, but included English territorial and dynastic ambitions in France.

Another landmark which scored (оставлять глубокий след) in English history was the epidemic of plague, called ”Black Death”, which broke out severely along England's south coast in 1348, spreading inland. On average, between 30% and 45% of the general populace and in some villages 80-90% of the population died.

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