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In the reign of King Henry VI Lancaster (1422- 1461), the 33^dking of England, a civil war broke out. It was initiated by two opposing groups headed by the clans of York and Lancaster. The subject of their controversy was whether to continue the war with France or not. So on 22 May 1455 a small battle at St Albans marked the beginning of a civil war between the two branches of the royal family that lasted intermittently until 1485. This war entered the history as the War of the Roses: the red one - the Lancastrians’ symbol and the white one – the Yorkists’ symbol.

Tudor era covers the period from the accession (вступление в должность) of Henry VII Tudor following the Battle of Bosworth, to the end of the Elizabethan era. The Battle of Bosworth or Bosworth Field (22 August, 1485) was Lancastrian Henry Tudor's defeat of Yorkist Richard III, ending the Plantagenet dynasty to begin a new Tudor dynasty.

Historically, the battle is considered to have marked the end of the Wars of the Roses. Tudor era is the age of Reformation - both religious and social and the growth of literature and drama under Elizabeth I, the major changes in society.

Between 1535 and 1543, the “Laws in Wales Acts” passed to become parliamentary measures by which the legal system of Wales was annexed to England and the norms of English administration introduced. The intention was to create a single state and a single legal jurisdiction

In 1562 English mariners entered into the slave trade. On a voyage to West Africa, Captain John Hawkins, a trader and naval commander, became the first English slave trader. Hawkins captured or purchased a number of people in Africa and sold them as slaves in the Caribbean. It would be nearly 250 years before an act of parliament banned the trade.

November 1577 - September 1580. Francis Drake, commissioned by Elizabeth I, undertook a secret voyage against Spanish interests in the Americas. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. Elizabeth's share of the booty (награбленное добро) equaled the crown's annual expenditure for a year. Drake was soon knighted.

Elizabeth’s support for Spain's enemies and persistent English raids on Spanish ships led to war with Spain from 1585. In 1588, Philip II of Spain sent a huge Armada to invade England. 8 August 1588 the English defeated the Spanish Armada at the Battle of Gravelines.

In 1603 James I,the son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland,became King of England on the death of Elizabeth I. Protestant by religion James I issued thelaw that imposed heavy fines on people who did not attend Protestant church services.

In 1605 a small group of English Catholics angered by this law hatched a plot to blow up the king and parliament. But the plot failed and the conspirators were executed. This plot was named after one of the conspirators Guy Fawkes and later the day of 5 November entered the history as Guy Fawkes Day.

In August 1620 a group of emigrants attempting to escape religious persecution in England sailed for the New World (North America) in the “Mayflower”. They became known as the 'Pilgrim Fathers' as their aim was to found a colony.

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