Must, Have to, Be to

May

Can

Introduction

Національної культури України у XXI ст.

Культури в незалежній Україні.

України.

Народу.

45. Українська культура радянської доби (кінець 1910-х - кінець 1980 -х років).

46. Національно-культурне піднесення 1920-х років. Українізація і її вплив на літературу, освіту та науку в Україні.

47. Розвиток науки і філософії в добу радянської України.

48. Мистецтво радянської України. Український мистецький авангард та його доля.

49. Роль української діаспори в розвитку національної культури

50. Десталінізація та її вплив на розвиток української культури у другій половині XX століття.

51. Українська культура в ситуації подолання наслідків тоталітаризму (кінець 1980-х - перша декада XXI ст.).

52. Здобутки і втра ги української культури в другій половині XX ст.

53. Релігія і церква як важливі чинники розвитку національної

54. Україна між Сходом і Заходом: перспективи розвитку

Modal verbsare used to show the speaker’s attitude towards the action or state indicated by the infinitive, i.e. they show that the action or state denoted by the infinitive is considered as possible, obligatory, necessary, desirable, doubtful, uncertain, etc.

Modal verbs are called defective because of the following peculiarities:

1) they have no infinitive, no gerund and no participle; accordingly they have no future tense, no Continuous and Perfect tenses;

2) they are followed by the infinitive without the particle to(except ought, to be, to have and partly need and dare);

3) they have no ending –s/es in the third person singular of the present tense;

4) the interrogative and negative form of the present and past tense of modals is formed without the auxiliary verbs.

Canhas two forms: can – for the present & could – for the past.

Meaning	Forms	Ways of rendering into Ukrainian	Other ways to express the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. mental, physical and circumstantial ability (in all types of sentences)	can / can’t could / couldn’t + simple infinitive	може міг могли	to be able to; to know how to do smth.; to have the ability to do smth.	Can you lift this heavy chair? I could swim quite well at the age of 8. He can see nothing without his glasses.
2. permission (in questions and statements)	can – present tense could – in reported speech + simple infinitive	можеш можете	to permit to be allowed	Can we keep it? You can go now.
3. request (in questions)	can could (more polite) + simple infinitive	чи можу я; чи не могли б ви	to permit to be allowed	Can you do it for me?
4. prohibition (in negative sentences)	can’t + simple infinitive	не можна	not to permit; not to be allowed	You can’t cross the street here.
5. unreality (in all types of sentences)	could do – present could have done – past	міг би могли б	would be able to do smth.; would have been able to do smth.	But for this I could do it quite easily now. I could have got here earlier if I had known that you were waiting for me.
6. a) astonishment, strong doubt about the present and past (in questions) b) incredulity, improbability about the present and past (in negative sentences) c) the weakest probability (in statements)	can / could smb. do can / could smb. be doing can / could smb. have done can / could smb. have been doing smb. can’t / couldn’t do smb. can’t / couldn’t be doing smb. can’t / couldn’t have done smb. can’t / couldn’t have been doing can could + any infinitive	Невже? Не може бути, щоб може бути; можливо; мало ймовірно, але можливо	Is it possible that … ? Do you believe that … ? It’s hardly possible that… I refuse to believe that… I don’t believe that… It’s impossible that… it’s incredible that… I don’t think it’s possible that… It’s possible Perhaps By chance	Can he be her husband? He is twice as old as she is. Can he have said it? She can’t be telling lies. He couldn’t have made such a mistake. You could be right. I’m not sure.
7. emotional colouring (in special questions)	can / could + any infinitive	І що вони... І про що вони... І як він... І що це вона...		What can you know of such things? What can they be speaking about? How can you have made such a mistake?

Set phrases with can:

· She can’t help crying. / Вона не може не плакати.

Hecouldn’t helpadmiring the city. / Він не міг не милуватися містом.

· I can’t but ask about it. / Мені нічого не залишається, як запитати про це.

They couldn’t but refuse him. / Їм нічого не залишалося, як відмовити йому.

It has two forms: may – for the present & might– for the past.

Meaning	Forms	Ways of rendering into Ukrainian	Other ways to express the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. absence of obstacles to the action (in statements)	may – present tense might – past tense + simple infinitive	можеш міжуть могли		Children may borrow books from the library.
2. permission (in questions mostly)	may – present tense might – past tense + simple infinitive	можеш можете могли	to be permitted to be allowed	May I come in? – Yes, you can (may). / No, you can’t (may not).
3. request (in questions)	may – present tense might – past tense, in reported speech + simple infinitive	можна може		May I see him today? He asked me if he might rest for an hour.
4. prohibition (in negative sentences)	may not + simple infinitive	не смій не можна ні в якому разі		You may not smoke in the room.
5. reproach (in statements)	might do might have done	міг би могли б		You might just as well come in time. You might have asked me at first.
6. weak possibility about the present, future and past (in statements and negative sentences)	may / might do – present and future may / might have done - past	можливо може бути	perhaps, maybe, possibly	She looks pale. She may be ill. He might have already come. It may rain tomorrow.

Must has only one form. Be to can be used in two tenses – the Present Simple & the Past Simple.

Meaning	Forms	Ways of rendering into Ukrainian	Other ways to express the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. a) obligation, real necessity with no freedom of choice or from the speaker’s point of view (in statements and questions) b) obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances or based on a law or rule, or on the authority of another person (in questions and statements) c) obligation arising out of a plan or an arrangement (in statements and questions)	must do – present had to do – past ‘ll have to do – future have to do had to do ‘ll have to do am to do is to do are to do was to do were to do	повинен треба повинен був довелося доведеться доводить-ся повинен повинен повинні були	to be obliged to it’s necessary for smb to do smth to be obliged to plan to make a plan to arrange to decide	What must he do to keep fit? I must go there tonight. I had to go there yesterday. I’ll have to go there tomorrow. If you don’t take care of yourself, you’ll have to consult a doctor. It’s raining. I have to take an umbrella. When are you to go there? I was to meet her at the station.
2. order-admonition	must do mustn’t do	повинен		You mustn’t miss this film. It’s worth while seeing it. You must come and see my flat.
3. strict order (in statements)	am to do is to do are to do was / were to do	повинен		You are to take a spoonful of this after each meal.
4. prohibition (in negatives)	mustn’t do	не повинен не можна	to be forbidden	You mustn’t stay away from classes without a good reason.
5. strict prohibition	am not to do is not to do are not to do was / were not to do	не можна		You are not to leave this room.
6. something thought of as unavoidable (in statements and negatives)	am to do is to do are to do was / were to do	судилося	perhaps, maybe, possibly	I was still hoping to get a letter from her, but it wasn’t to be.
7. absence of necessity or obligation	don’t / doesn’t have to do haven’t / hasn’t got to do didn’t have to do won’t have to do	не потрібно не має необхід-ності		You don’t have to go to England if you want to learn English.
8. supposition implying assurance and strong probability, the most logical interpretation of a situation	must do must be doing must have done must have been doing	певно мабуть напевно очевидно	probably, evidently, surely, no doubt, undoubtedly, it’s clear that, in all probability	She must be waiting for us there. He must have done it.

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ПИТАННЯ ДЛЯ ПІДСУМКОВОГО КОНТРОЛЮ	\|	Will and Would

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