45. Українська культура радянської доби (кінець 1910-х - кінець 1980 -х років).
46. Національно-культурне піднесення 1920-х років. Українізація і її вплив на літературу, освіту та науку в Україні.
47. Розвиток науки і філософії в добу радянської України.
48. Мистецтво радянської України. Український мистецький авангард та його доля.
49. Роль української діаспори в розвитку національної культури
50. Десталінізація та її вплив на розвиток української культури у другій половині XX століття.
51. Українська культура в ситуації подолання наслідків тоталітаризму (кінець 1980-х - перша декада XXI ст.).
52. Здобутки і втра ги української культури в другій половині XX ст.
53. Релігія і церква як важливі чинники розвитку національної
54. Україна між Сходом і Заходом: перспективи розвитку
Modal verbsare used to show the speaker’s attitude towards the action or state indicated by the infinitive, i.e. they show that the action or state denoted by the infinitive is considered as possible, obligatory, necessary, desirable, doubtful, uncertain, etc.
Modal verbs are called defective because of the following peculiarities:
1) they have no infinitive, no gerund and no participle; accordingly they have no future tense, no Continuous and Perfect tenses;
2) they are followed by the infinitive without the particle to(except ought, to be, to have and partly need and dare);
3) they have no ending –s/es in the third person singular of the present tense;
4) the interrogative and negative form of the present and past tense of modals is formed without the auxiliary verbs.
Canhas two forms: can – for the present & could – for the past.
Meaning
Forms
Ways of rendering into Ukrainian
Other ways
to express the same meaning
Sentence patterns
1. mental, physical and circumstantial ability
(in all types of sentences)
can / can’t
could / couldn’t
+ simple infinitive
може
міг
могли
to be able to;
to know how to do smth.;
to have the ability to do smth.
Can you lift this heavy chair? I could swim quite well at the age of 8. He can see nothing without his glasses.
2. permission
(in questions and statements)
can – present tense
could – in reported speech
+ simple infinitive
можеш
можете
to permit
to be allowed
Can we keep it? You can go now.
3. request
(in questions)
can
could (more polite)
+ simple infinitive
чи можу я;
чи не могли б ви
to permit
to be allowed
Can you do it for me?
4. prohibition
(in negative sentences)
can’t
+ simple infinitive
не можна
not to permit;
not to be allowed
You can’t cross the street here.
5. unreality
(in all types of sentences)
could do – present
could have done – past
міг би
могли б
would be able to do smth.;
would have been able to do smth.
But for this I could do it quite easily now. I could have got here earlier if I had known that you were waiting for me.
6.
a) astonishment, strong doubt about the present and past (in questions)
b) incredulity, improbability about the present and past (in negative sentences)
c) the weakest probability (in statements)
can / could smb. do
can / could smb. be doing
can / could smb. have done
can / could smb. have been doing
smb. can’t / couldn’t do
smb. can’t / couldn’t be doing
smb. can’t / couldn’t have done
smb. can’t / couldn’t have been doing
can
could
+ any infinitive
Невже?
Не може бути, щоб
може бути; можливо;
мало ймовірно, але можливо
Is it possible that … ?
Do you believe that … ?
It’s hardly possible that…
I refuse to believe that…
I don’t believe that…
It’s impossible that…
it’s incredible that…
I don’t think it’s possible that…
It’s possible
Perhaps
By chance
Can he be her husband? He is twice as old as she is. Can he have said it?
She can’t be telling lies.
He couldn’t have made such a mistake.
You could be right. I’m not sure.
7. emotional colouring
(in special questions)
can / could
+ any infinitive
І що вони...
І про що вони...
І як він...
І що це вона...
What can you know of such things? What can they be speaking about? How can you have made such a mistake?
Set phrases with can:
· She can’t help crying. / Вона не може не плакати.
Hecouldn’t helpadmiring the city. / Він не міг не милуватися містом.
· I can’t but ask about it. / Мені нічого не залишається, як запитати про це.
They couldn’t but refuse him. / Їм нічого не залишалося, як відмовити йому.
It has two forms: may – for the present & might– for the past.
Meaning
Forms
Ways of rendering into Ukrainian
Other ways
to express the same meaning
Sentence patterns
1. absence of obstacles to the action
(in statements)
may – present tense
might – past tense
+ simple infinitive
можеш
міжуть
могли
Children may borrow books from the library.
2. permission
(in questions mostly)
may – present tense
might – past tense
+ simple infinitive
можеш
можете
могли
to be permitted
to be allowed
May I come in? – Yes, you can (may). / No, you can’t (may not).
3. request
(in questions)
may – present tense
might – past tense, in reported speech
+ simple infinitive
можна
може
May I see him today? He asked me if he might rest for an hour.
4. prohibition
(in negative sentences)
may not
+ simple infinitive
не смій
не можна ні в якому разі
You may not smoke in the room.
5. reproach
(in statements)
might do
might have done
міг би
могли б
You might just as well come in time. You might have asked me at first.
6. weak possibility about the present, future and past (in statements and negative sentences)
may / might do – present and future
may / might have done - past
можливо
може бути
perhaps, maybe, possibly
She looks pale. She may be ill. He might have already come. It may rain tomorrow.
Must has only one form. Be to can be used in two tenses – the Present Simple & the Past Simple.
Meaning
Forms
Ways of rendering into Ukrainian
Other ways
to express the same meaning
Sentence patterns
1. a) obligation, real necessity with no freedom of choice or from the speaker’s point of view
(in statements and questions)
b) obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances or based on a law or rule, or on the authority of another person (in questions and statements)
c) obligation arising out of a plan or an arrangement (in statements and questions)
must do – present
had to do – past
‘ll have to do – future
have to do
had to do
‘ll have to do
am to do
is to do
are to do
was to do
were to do
повинен
треба
повинен був
довелося
доведеться
доводить-ся
повинен
повинен
повинні були
to be obliged to
it’s necessary for smb to do smth
to be obliged
to plan
to make a plan
to arrange
to decide
What must he do to keep fit? I must go there tonight.
I had to go there yesterday.
I’ll have to go there tomorrow.
If you don’t take care of yourself, you’ll have to consult a doctor.
It’s raining. I have to take an umbrella.
When are you to go there?
I was to meet her at the station.
2. order-admonition
must do
mustn’t do
повинен
You mustn’t miss this film. It’s worth while seeing it. You must come and see my flat.
3. strict order
(in statements)
am to do
is to do
are to do
was / were to do
повинен
You are to take a spoonful of this after each meal.
4. prohibition
(in negatives)
mustn’t do
не повинен
не можна
to be forbidden
You mustn’t stay away from classes without a good reason.
5. strict prohibition
am not to do
is not to do
are not to do
was / were not to do
не можна
You are not to leave this room.
6. something thought of as unavoidable (in statements and negatives)
am to do
is to do
are to do
was / were to do
судилося
perhaps, maybe, possibly
I was still hoping to get a letter from her, but it wasn’t to be.
7. absence of necessity or obligation
don’t / doesn’t have to do
haven’t / hasn’t got to do
didn’t have to do
won’t have to do
не потрібно
не має необхід-ності
You don’t have to go to England if you want to learn English.
8. supposition implying assurance and strong probability, the most logical interpretation of a situation
must do
must be doing
must have done
must have been doing
певно
мабуть
напевно
очевидно
probably, evidently, surely, no doubt, undoubtedly, it’s clear that, in all probability
She must be waiting for us there.
He must have done it.