Will and Would

Shall, Should and Ought to

Need

Need can be used both as a modal and as a notional verb.

As a modal it is mostly used in negative and interrogative sentences. It has only one tense form – the present.

Meaning	Forms	Ways of rendering into Ukrainian	Other ways to express the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. absence of necessity (in negatives)	needn’t do needn’t have done (denotes that smth, that has been done, was unnecessary	не має не обхід-ності можна не дарма не потрібно було	There is no need to do it. It’s not necessary to it. There is no necessity to do it	The tutor needn’t explain such simple things. We know them quite well. We needn’t have brought our books on economics. We are having a class in English instead.
2. permission not to smth	you needn’t do	можете не		You needn’t do it.

As a notional verb need is declined according to the general rules and is used in the present, past and future.

e.g. Do you need any money?

He didn’t need to be told twice.

Meaning	Forms	Ways of rendering into Ukrainian	Other ways to express the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. promise (in statements and negatives)	smb shall do smb shan’t do	by emphatic intonation		Don’t worry, you shall have a minute’s rest before the meeting begins.
2. threat and warning (in statements and negatives)	smb shall do smb shan’t do	by emphatic intonation		You shall be sorry. Put on your warm coat or you shall be sick.
3. asking for instructions (in questions)	Shall I (he, she, we, they) do smth?	by emphatic intonation	Must I do it? Do you want me to do it? Am I to do it?	Shall I read the text again? Shall he do it?
4. advice and mild obligation (in statements, questions and negatives)	should (not) do ought (not) to do			You should take this medicine three times a day before your meals.
5. criticism of a past action (in statements and negatives)	should (not) have done ought (not) have done			You ought to / should be speaking more clearly. You oughtn't to / shouldn’t have done it.
6. supposition implying probability (in statements and negatives)	should (not) do ought (not) to do		very likely very probably probably not it’s unlikely that	Our guests should / ought to be here soon. This homework oughtn’t to / shouldn’t take you too long.
7. set expressions (in questions)	Why should somebody do smth? Why should smb have done smth?			Why should I go there? Why should he have told us the truth?

Meaning	Forms	Ways of rendering into Ukrainian	Other ways to express the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. volition (in statements and negatives)	will / would do won’t / wouldn’t do	хочу не бажаю все одно відмовля-ється	I intend I’m willing We want Smb refuses	I won’t do it. She wouldn’t take the medicine. The pen won’t write.
2. requests (in questions)	will do would do (sounds more polite)	будь ласка	Could you give me … May I ask you to give …	Will you pass me the salt? Would you come to tea this afternoon?
3. a repeated action (in past statements)	would do	звичайно бувало		He would fish for hours without catching anything.
4. order	will do	by emphatic intonation		You will do it at once.
5. prediction of a future action	will do			His latest book will be out next month. I think it will rain tomorrow.
6. certainty about the present and past (in statements and negatives)	will / would do – present will / would have done – past	певен скоріш за все напевно	I believe I’m sure I guess	Leave the meat in the oven. It won’t be cooked yet.

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