The Constitutional Court.

This is the highest judicial body in the Russian Federation. It is made up of 19 judges, proposed by the President of the Russian Federation and approved by the Federation Council. Since June 2008 the Constitutional Court has been located in St Petersburg.

The Constitutional Court has jurisdiction to interpret the RF Constitution; to decide whether a federal law is consistent with the country’s Constitution; and to adjudicate whether or not laws regulations and normative acts passed by the President of the Russian Federation, the Council of the Federation, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, constitutions of republics, charters and other normative acts of the subjects of Russian Federation are consistent with the Constitution of the Russian Federation;

Courts of General Jurisdiction.

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.

This is the supreme judicial body for all courts of general jurisdiction on civil, criminal and administrative matters. As of today the Supreme Court consists of 123 judges. Judges for the Supreme Court are proposed by the President of the Russian Federation and approved by the upper house of the legislature, the Federation Council. The Supreme Court is located in Moscow.

It has jurisdiction as a court of cassation, i.e. it is the highest court of appeal in the land. It is a court of supervisory instance over the courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation and over the tier of district courts below that level. There are three chambers in the structure of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation: Judicial Chamber on Civil Cases; Judicial Chamber on Criminal Cases; and Military Chamber.

The Plenary Session of the Supreme Court can issue regulations. Regulations are a unique element of the machinery for the implementation of domestic law in the Russian legal system. Enacted by the Plenary Session, they are “explanations on issues of judicial practice”, based on the overview and generalization of the jurisprudence of the lower courts and Supreme Courts of subjects of the Federation. Regulations are abstract opinions but legally binding on all lower courts. They summarize the judicial practice of lower courts and explain how a particular provision of the law shall be applied. These regulations are employed to ensure the consistent application of Russian law by explaining how the law shall be interpreted. Regulations have their legal basis in Article 126 of the RF Constitution.

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Text 5. Constitutional Law

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