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• Технічні засоби організації дорожнього руху
• Товарознавство продовольчих товарів

Section 1 Reading materials

Prereading exercises:

Exercise 1 Answer the following questions.

1 Do you know anything about press photography? What exactly do you know? Where have you found out this information?

2 Do you think that press photography is important? For whom or for what age groups? Does it really matter?

Exercise 2 Read the topical vocabulary and find out how many words are new for you. Try to learn them. Share your ways of words learning with your groupmates, give advice.

Unit 3 The topical vocabulary

Agency /ˈei dʒ ən si/ – n агентство

appear – v з’являтися

appearance – n зовнішній вигляд

approach – n наближення, підхід

approach – n наближуватися, підходити

autotype /ˈo tətaip/– n автотипія, факсимільний відбиток
complete – v закінчувати, завершувати

completive – а завершальний

depict – v зображувати, описувати

depiction – n зображення, малюнок, портрет, картина

draw (drew, drawn) – v приваблювати, малювати

drawer – n художник

drawing – n креслення, малювання, нарис, малюнок

editor /ˈed I tər/ – n редактор

editorial – п передова стаття, редакційна

editorial – а редакторський, редакційний

editorialist – n автор передових статей

editorship – n редакція, редагування

engrave /InˈgreIv/ – v гравірувати, закарбовувати

engraving – n гравірування, гравюра

environment – n навколишнє середовище

excite /IkˈsaIt/ – v викликати інтерес

excited – а збуджений, схвильований

expand /Iksˈpænd/ – v поширювати, розвивати(ся)

expanded edition – а розширене видання

gelatine /ˈdʒel ə ti:n/ – n желатин, желе

half tones – автотипія

hatch – v штрихувати

hatch – n штрих, штриховка

hatching – n штрихування

heliogravure /ˈhi :li ou grəuˈvjuər/ – n геліогравюра

image – n образ, зображення

imagination – n уява, фантазія

innovation – n нововведення

innovator – n новатор, раціоналізатор

outbreak – n початок (несподіваний)

photography – фотографія, фотографування

prevalence – n розповсюдження

prevalent /ˈprev ə lənt/ – а (широко) розповсюджений

rate – n норма, темп

recognition – п визнання, схвалення

reduce – v зменшувати, скорочувати

reduction – n зниження, зменшення, скорочення

renowned – а славетний, знаменитий, відомий

reproduce – v відтворювати, робити копію, відновлювати, виробляти

reproduction – n відтворення, зображення

select – v відбирати, проводити відбір

selection – n вибір, підбір

snapshot – n фотографія (моментальна)

snap-shot – v зробити моментальний знімок, фотографувати

TEXT ATHE FIRST STAGE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRESS PHOTOGRAPHY

Task: read the text, translate it into Ukrainian.

The industrial revolution greatly improved the standard of periodicals. A similar influence manifested itself on the path leading to the culmination of the democratization of the picture. Mankind required a new method of producing pictures, in connection with the necessity of obtaining practical information, which could make reproductions not only faster than painting and drawing, but also produce more realistic and detailed pictures. This urgent need was satisfied by the invention of photography which is frequently described with respect to the time of its origin as the most beautiful child of the industrial revolution.

The early stages of the development of photography as a pictorial culture were marked by many inventions. New conditions were created for the cooperation of some photographers with the editorial staff² of periodicals and newspapers.

The use of photographs as a basis for graphical reproduction started with books and albums, due to the high cost.

The first book with lithograph illustrations appeared in 1840. A historical date is May 14, 1842, when Herbert Ingram founded the famous Illustrated London News. As the name indicates, it was to be a periodical relying largely on pictorial information. The illustrations were produced by a large team of graphic artists employed permanently by the publishers. Their work was based on both sketches and photographs. Due to the quality and possibilities of photography, photos were used mainly for landscapes, town views and portraits. Genre scenes and topical events were produced mainly after sketches of interesting events.

The time was ripe for³ periodicals relying more heavily on pictorial information. A year later a similar magazine L'illustration was published in Paris, and the Illustrierte Zeitung started to appear in Leipzig, Germany.

The half-tones of photograph were replaced in copies made after original photos by hatching. The confidence of the public in the printed result was not the same as in the original photograph. Engravers sometimes deprived the pictures of disturbing elements or simplified them. The need for relatively large teams of graphic artists meant extra cost for the publisher and slower production rate. For these reasons methods were sought how to use photographs in periodicals more directly. In 1882 George Meisenbach invented the method called autotype. It contributed greatly to the direct use of images in periodicals. Another way led through experiments with photogravure. The most important innovation was the heliogravure, invented in 1878 by Karel Klic.

At the end of the l880s it was possible to print half-tone reproductions of images simultaneously with the text using either Meisenbach's autotype or Kile's heliogravure methods. Most photographers then used the dry gelatine plate, and photographic films were also becoming available at that time. The state of the art achieved in the 19th century contributed considerably to the completion of the first stage of the development of photography for press purposes.

Notes:

¹ as a pictorial culture – як мистецтво фотографії;

² editorial staff – співробітники редакції, склад редакції;

³ the time was ripe for – прийшов час для...

Postreading exercises:

Exercise 1 Read the international words and guess their meaning. Mind the stress.

'logical rea'listic infor'mation

'album pho'tography culmi'nation

'artist ma'terial revo'lution

'culture ex'periment ˌprocla'mation

'graphic in'dustrial ˌsuper'structur

Exercise 2 Memorize the following pairs of derivatives

Exercise 3 Match English and Ukrainian equivalents.

1 material base;

2 industrial revolution;

3 to obtain information;

4 the invention of photography;

5 editorial staff;

6 graphical reproduction;

7 possibilities of photography;

8 to use photographs in periodicals;

9 for press purposes;

a) винахід фотографії;

b) для (потреб) преси;

c) графічне зображення;

d) матеріальна база;

e) використання фотографій у журналах;

f) промислова революція;

g) знаходити інформацію;

h) редакційний штат;

i) можливості фотографії.

Exercise 4 Choose the right word.

1 Thе industrial revolution greatly ... the standard of periodical.

a) deteriorated; b) improved.

2 The use of photographs as a basis for graphical reproduction started with…

a) magazines; b) albums.

3 Illustrated London News was to be a periodical relying largely on ... information.

a) pictorial; b)historical.

4 The illustrations were produced by a large team of graphic …

a) symbols; b) artists.

5 The half-tones of the photograph were replaced in copiesmade after original photos by ...

a) painting; b) hatching.

6 In 1882 George Meisenbach invented the method called …

a) autotype; b) heliogravure.

7 Most photographers used the ... at the end of the 1880s.

a) hatching; b) dry gelatine plate.

Exercise 5 Complete the sentences.

1 Mankind required a new method of ...

2 The invention of photography is frequently described as ...

3 The early stages of the development of photography were marked by ...

4 New conditions were created for the cooperation of some photographers with ...

5 Due to the quality and possibilities of photograph, photos were used mainly for ...

6 The need for relatively large teams of graphic artists meant ...

7 At the end of the 1880s photographic films were ...

Exercise 6 Insert the right word:

1) press; 2) photographer; 3) reproductions; 4) engraved; 5) periodicals; 6) photos.

Many publishers of illustrated ... had established good relations with some studios already at the time when portraits were ... and found their concept suitable also in the new conditions. Several ... began to work only after the introduction of half-tone... The evolution of portraits meeting best the new requirement of the ... was influenced most by contributions originating outside studios. Frequently, they were ... taken by nonprofessionals.

Exercise 7 Mark the statements that are true. Correct the false statements.

1 The invention of photography made reproductions faster than painting and drawing and helped to produce more realistic and detailed pictures.

2 The first book with lithograph illustrations appeared in 1850.

3 Herbert Ingram founded Illustrated London News in 1842.

4 The work of graphic artists was based only on photographs.

5 Engravers sometimes deprived the pictures of disturbing elements or simplified them.

6 At the end of the 1880s it was impossible to print half-tone reproductions of images simultaneously with the text.

Exercise 8 Answer the questions on the text.

1 What improved the standard of periodicals?

2 What was frequently described as «the most beautiful child of the industrial revolution»?

3 When and where was the first illustrated periodical founded?

4 When did illustrated magazines appear in France and Germany?

5 What was the most important innovation in photography?

6 When was the heliogravure invented by Karel Klic?

Exercise 9 Make a short summary of the text or a plan. Retell the text.

TEXT BPORTRAITS IN PRESS PHOTOGRAPHY

Task: read the text, find in it answers to the questions given below.

The fast progress of photographic equipment and an ever-increasing interest of newspapers and magazines in pictures contributed to progressive development of portraits and documentary photography. The portrait was popular in illustrated magazines already when it had to be engraved. The public was interested in characteristic features of the faces of members of ruling families, politicians, actors, writers, musicians and other famous personalities. Readers also liked to see pictures of typical representatives of geographical regions in connection with the increasing popularity of books of travel. Due to the policy of publishers to offer also sensational news items, faces of criminals and embezzlers¹ appeared as well in periodicals. Several criminals evading the law² were arrested.

Editors of newspapers and periodicals were fairly experienced in using portraits. In selecting pictures, they distinguished between photos of important politicians, financiers and businessmen, and pictures of persons unknown to the public intended to characterize a certain class or group of people. Moreover there were systematic attempts of producers to gain publicity for new films. This made very popular the publication of the portraits of film-stars.

The variety of portrait photography introduced liveliness into the appearance of periodicals. But most of newspapers and magazines chose their pictures depending on the content. In view of specific orientation of periodicals, certain types appeared most frequently. In the weeklies Life, Ogonek and Picture Post, the forms preferred, were journalistic portraits, supplementing best picture stories and reportages. Their development is one of the most important achievements of press photography during the period from 1918 to 1945.

Notes:

¹ embezzler – розтратник, крадій;

² to evade the law – ховатися від закону;

³ to distinguish between – проводити відмінність між, відрізняти.

1 What contributed to the progressive development: portraits and documentary photography?

2 When and why did the portrait become popular in illustrated magazines?

3 How did newspapers and magazines choose their pictures?

TEXT C FROM THE HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY

Task: read the text, get ready to render its contents in Ukrainian.

In the 19th century the development of science, technology and industry formed a real base for the invention of photography and for the use of photos. All the fundamental changes in industry, chemistry, transport, military activity contributed directly or indirectly to improvements of the photographic process. Similar improvements also took place in the development of printing techniques and in the increase and diversification¹ of the contents of newspapers and periodicals.

The early stages of the development of photography as a new pictorial culture were marked by two inventions which received the widest practical application. One of them originated in France, the other in Great Britain, two of the most advanced European industrial nations.

Photography has been an integral part of human culture over the 150 years since its invention. This is mainly due to the pictures, which were reproduced on the printed page. Special importance has gained by photographs appearing on pages of mass-circulation newspapers and periodicals. It is only logical that the entire development, from very modest beginnings, rose from the necessities felt by the whole human society.

The increasing interest in pictorial information began to grow even before the 19th century. One obvious result of this was the invention of photography which became so greatly widespread through the world, that many theoreticians refer to the present time as the «optical age».

After the invention of photography many people expected that it would replace painting. This can be easily understood, because painting had developed along with mankind since the times of cave drawings². While photography entered a highly developed society, making use of all its cultural experience. The difference between the nature of painting and creative photography could then easily escape attention.

Notes:

¹ the increase and diversification – збільшення і різноманітність;

² сave drawings – печерні малюнки.

TEXT DTHE DEVELOPMENT OF ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINES

Task: read the text and say how and when the status of «war photoreporter» appeared.

Before the First World War the highest standard was achieved by British, American and French illustrated magazines. German weeklies surpassed them in the 1920s. Several illustrated weeklies existed in the USA during the 1920s, as The Saturday Evening Post: they were rather conservative in their concept and did not make the full use of the power of photographic communication.

At the time of the outbreak of the World War I² the qualities of photographic equipment were good, which let photographers collaborate with the press to make good outdoor snapshots in favourable light conditions. Photographs showing the environment of war events were especially valued. Phonographic reports which appeared on the pages of periodicals included optimistic picture: showing the visits of royalty to the frontlines and meeting with high-ranking officers. Such pictures were made generally by court photographers. Many photos were taken during pauses in the fighting, some in artificial conditions arranged safely behind the frontlines. These pictures created the wrong ideas among readers, by presenting the war as only a game. Some soldiers and sailors who were good photographers took their cameras to the front, and some of their photos reached the page of newspapers and periodicals. But the status of «war photoreporter» was still rather rare. Several outstanding American photographers worked in Europe without having the status of war reporters.

In the 1920 – 30s the main quest for the modern illustrated magazine was its variety, its «face».

In the USA a major turn in illustrated photography came in the second half of the 1930s. An event of almost historical importance was the foundation of the magazine Life in November 1936. At the same time many monthlies were also created, which were important for the development of modern journalistic photography.

Notes:

¹ in their concept – за своїм змістом;

² outbreak of the World War I – початок Першої світової війни.

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