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• Технічні засоби організації дорожнього руху
• Товарознавство продовольчих товарів

I Quickly read the text below. Choose from the box the main topic discussed in the text

1- Fibres can be turned into fabrics without first making them into yarns. Fabrics made in this way are called non-woven fabrics. The most commonly used fibres for these fabrics are wool, polyester, polyamide and viscose. The fibres are arranged either randomly or oriented in one direction in layers. Layers of fibres are built up to form a web. The fibres in the web have to be held together so they will not put apart – this is done by felting or bonding.

2- Felt made from wool fibres is the oldest type of non-woven fabric. Felt is made by tangling and squeezing the web when it is wet. The scales on the fibres become tangled making the web shrink as the fibres met together. This happens when you wash a wool jumper incorrectly! Sometimes small amounts of other fibres, like cotton, can be added to the web. Felt is often used for creative work, for example soft top making. It can be steamed into the shape and used to make hats and is used as covering on snooker and pool tables.

3- Bonding a web of fibres to make a fabric can be done in several ways, depending on the fibres in the web and the function of the finished fabric:

ü Fabric adhesive sticks the fibres together;

ü Solvents can be used to soften the fibres so they will stick together;

ü Heated fibres will melt and stick together (only if the fibres are thermoplastic);

ü Rows of stitches hold the fibres together.

4- Vilene commonly used as interlining, is made in this way. You have seen a variety of disposable clothes and furnishing resemble vilene of various weight – things like household cleaning cloths, chairbacks on airplanes and coaches, aprons, tablecloths, hospital gowns, sheets, and underwear too. Disposable underwear has holes between the webs of fibres to allow perspiration to escape.

5- The advantage of non-woven fabric that it is easier to produce than knits or weaves. It is economical to use because there is no warp or weft. Where there is warp or weft, the warp – the stronger thread – always runs from top to toe of any item. Then the stronger tread takes the weight.

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