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Mark the statements true (T) or false (F)

1. Abominable Snowman is known in various localities by names such as Yeti, Bigfoot, Meh-The.

2. This unsubstantiated creature is said to be six to eleven feet tall.

3. In 1832 a report from the UK representative in Tibet described a hirsute creature that reportedly had attacked his servants.

4. A short piece of film made in 1967 by Roger Patterson at Bluff Creek, California, appears to show a female Bigfoot.

5. The figure he saw and filmed might have been a real Yeti.

6. In 1969 film “2002: A Space Odyssey” and the 1989 film “Gorillas in the mist” most viewers were not aware that the apes shown were actors in costume.

7. It is difficult to imagine that the population of such a large animal could so successfully avoid detection.

8. Not one bit of material evidence of these creatures has ever been produced.

9. An ape scalp was once offered and is still occasionally brought up by devotees of this fascinating legend.

Circle the correct item

1. Abominable Snowman is known in … locations.

a) various

b) different

c) many

2. Snowman … in Tibet, Nepal, China, Siberia, Canada and the US Northwest.

a) has been described

b) has been reported

c) has been informed

3. The UK representative in Nepal described a hirsute creature who reportedly attacked his …

a) servants

b) family

c) children

4. … report was made by mountaineers who crossed a Himalayan glacier in 1951.

a) A majestic

b) A breathtaking

c) An impressive

5. However, …left in snow tend to enlarge when exposed to direct sun.

a) paths

b) tracks

c) marks

6. A short piece of film appears to show … Bigfoot casually walkig away from the camera.

a) a male

b) a child

c) a female

7. The film has been hotly contested over the years and is the best of all the … ever offered.

a) evidence

b) information

c) facts

8. A genuine Bigfoot must move like …

a) an animal

b) an ape

c) a monkey

9. It is difficult to imagine that the population of such a large animal could so … avoid detection.

a) wonderfully

b) successfully

c) beautifully

10. Not one bit of material evidence of this creature has ever been…

a) produced

b) created

c) made

Text № 32

SCRIPT

From "Google's Artificial Intelligence Translates Poetry"

by NPR Staff, NPR, 2011

Researchers at Google are tackling what they call one of the most difficult challenges in artificial intelligence.

"It's what we call AI complete," says Dmitriy Genzel, a research scientist at Google. "Which means it's as difficult as anything we can attempt in artificial intelligence."

Programming a machine to simply understand language, after all, is a task IBM spent four years and millions of dollars to accomplish with its Watson computer, which competed on Jeopardy last week. Watson understands human speech. But for a computer to understand and translate poetry, there are added problems of length, meter and rhyme.

At a conference a few months ago, Genzel presented a paper outlining those problems and described the ways Google's computers work to solve them.

Most translation software works by searching through a wealth of possible translations, then evaluating what's most accurate.

"Whereas, if you translate poetry," Genzel says, "you have to preserve what you want the reader to feel."

Although some poets insist even human-to-human poetry translation is incapable of matching that 'feeling' Genzel's research does take some big steps toward preserving a poem's length, meter and rhyme.

Translating a haiku? Genzel can preprogram his computer to generate online lines of five, seven and five syllables.

A Shakespeare sonnet in iambic pentameter? "The computer can read a pronunciation dictionary," Genzel says, "like you would use to learn another language." Once it knows where the stress falls in a given word, it can correctly place that word in a metered sentence.

"The hardest thing to do is rhyme," Genzel says, "because it connects to different places in a sentence," and because two words that rhyme in English may not rhyme in another language.

In that case, the best Google can do is to cycle through a long list of optional matches to find a rhyme that's right.

That means, if you're translating Edgar Allan Poe's The Raven:

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and teary...

For every close option, the computer also cycles through a choice that's not even close:

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and orange.

"So it will pick 'orange' just as happily, and it will have to throw it away afterwards," Genzel says. Researchers have no way around the pick-and-choose process, so the translations are far from instant and no beta is public.

But there's a reason it's useful to improve translation software of any kind, Genzel says. "Most of the content on the Web is not in English anymore," he says. "So even for English speakers, there's a huge amount of stuff on the Web that you don't have access to."

Some browsers even offer real-time translation of foreign sites, which can open up new avenues of information.

"If you read a news article about some country, you bet if you open their news site — which may not be in English — and read that, you'll get a huge understanding that people don't really see things in the same way," Genzel says.

Translating perspective is more difficult in poetry. Vladimir Nabokov, Genzel points out, famously claimed it's impossible for even a human to preserve both the meaning and form of a translated poem.

"But there's quite a big aspect of [poetry translation] that machines can do pretty well," Genzel says. "It's not such a human endeavor as people might think."

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