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GRAMMAR

With this lesson, we begin the past tense of verbs, so that you will be able to say, "I wrote a letter" or "He ate". At present, you know how to say "I was writing a letter" and "He was eating".

Remember that the command to a single person is the simplest form of the verb. For example: Léigh (lay*), read. Scríobhé(shkreev ay*), write it. Olé(ohl ay*), drink it.

To form the past tense, merely use this command or imperative, but aspirate the initial consonant, if that is possible. If the imperative form begins with a vowel or an "f", you must put a (d) sound befor the verb. Here are examples:

Bhain séan cóta de (vwin shay* un KOH-tuh de), He took off his coat.

Chuir méar an mbordé(k*ir may* er un mohrd ay*), I put it on the table.

Dhíol túé(yeel too ay*), You sold it.

D'fhan sé(dahn shay*), He remained.

Ghlan méan fhuinneog (gluhn may* un in-YOHG), I cleaned the window.

Léigh sía leabhar (lay* shee uh LOU-wuhr), She read her book).

Mhol méan cailín (vwuhl may* uh kah-LEEN), I praised the girl.

Nigh (ni) séan carr, He washed the car.

Phóg (fohg) sía máthair (MAW*-hir), She kissed her mother.

Rith siad amach (ri SHEE-uhd uh-MAHK*), They ran out.

Sheas séann (has shay* oun), He stood there.

Thóg sibhé(hohg shiv ay*), You took it.

Next come examples for verbs beginning with vowels:

D'alp séé(dahlp shay* ay), He gulped it down.

D'éist séliom (day*sht shay* luhm) He listened to me.

D'ith (di) siadé, They ate it.

D'ol túan bainne (dohl too un BAHN-ye), You drank the milk.

D'ullmhaigh mé(DUL-vwee may*), I prepared.

Go over these examples until you are able to read them quickly.

Notice that initial "l, n, r" cannot be aspirated and so do not change from the imperative. In some cases, the consonants that can be aspirated are followed by other consonants that would make it difficult for a speaker to aspirate the first consonant. An example:

Scríobh (shkreev) séé, He wrote it.

Try aspirating the "s" in "scríobh". You would have to say (huh-KREEV), which would be too difficult.

The examples above give you a good idea of how to form the past tense of most of the verbs you know. You will not be able to form the past tense of the few irregular verbs yet. These you must learn separately, and we will have separate drills for these. "Tá" is one irregular verb whose past tense, "bhí", you already know.

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