GRAMMAR

To express the negative in the past tense for most verbs, you must put "níor" (NEE-uhr) before the imperative, and you must also aspirate the imperative's initial consonant, if possible. For example:

Níor dhíol séan bád (NEE-uhr yeel shay* un baw*d), He didn't sell the boat.

Níor fhan séliom (NEE-uhr ahn shay* luhm), He didn't wait for me.

Níoról séé, He didn't drink it.

To ask a question in the past tense, put "ar" (er) before the imperative and aspirate the imperative's initial consonant if possible. Some examples:

Ar thuig túí? (er hig too ee), Did you understand her?

Ar fhan sibh? (er ahn shiv), Did you wait?

Aról siadé? (er ohl SHEE-uhd ay*), Did they drink it?

To say "Didn't she put it on the table?", which is the negative imperative, put "nár" (naw*r) before the imperative and again aspirate the initial consonant if possible, as in:

Nár chuir síar an mbordé? (naw*r k*ir shee).

The answer to this question is either "Chuir sí" or "Níor chuir sí".

DRILL

This is a suitable time for a simultaneous drill on aspiration pronunciation and the past tense of irregular verbs.

Here is a list of verbs that includes all the aspirated sounds, both broad and slender. Go over them until you can say the past-tense forms, having covered the last three forms (in the third column) and looking only at the imperative (in the second column).

Break	Bris! (brish)	Bhris méníor bhris méar bhris mé (vrish may*)
Strike	Buail! (BOO-il)	Bhuail méníor bhuail méar bhuail mé? (VOO-il may*)
Buy	Ceannaigh! (KAN-ee)	Cheannaigh méníor cheannaaigh méar cheannaigh mé? (HYAN-ee may*)
Put	Cuir! (kir)	Chuir méníor chuir méar chuir mé? (kir may)
Sell	Díol! (DEE-uhl)	Dhíol méníor dhíol méar dhíol mé? (YEE-uhl may*)
Close	Dún! (doon)	Dhún méníor dhún méar dhún mé? (GOON may*)
Look	Féach! (FAY-ahk)	D'fhéach méníor fhéach méar fhéach mé? (DAY-ahk may*)
Wait	Fan! (fahn)	D'fhan méníor fhan méar fhan mé? (DAHN may; NEE-uhr AHN may)
Cut	Gearr! (gyahr)	Ghearr méníor ghearr méar ghearr mé? (YAHR may; NEE-uhr YAHR may)
Clean	Glan! (gluhn)	Ghlan méníor ghlan méar ghlan mé? (GLUHN may*)
Explain	Mínigh! (MEEN-ee)	Mhínigh méníor mhínigh méar mhínigh mé? (VEEN-ee may*)
Teach	Múin! (MOO-in)	Mhúin méníor mhúin méar mhúin mé? (VOO-in may*)
Torture	Pian! (PEE-uhn)	Phian méníor phian méar phian mé? (FEE-uhn may*)
Marry	Pós! (pohs)	Phós méníor phós méar phós mé? (FOHS may*)
Stand	Seas! (shas)	Sheas ménior sheas méar sheas mé? (HAS may*)
Sit	Suigh! (si)	Shuigh méníor shuigh méar shuigh mé? (HI may*)
Drive	Tiomáin! (ti-MAW*-in)	Thiomáin méníor thiomáin méar thiomáin mé? (hi-MAW-in may)
Take	Tóg! (tohg)	Thóg méníor thóg méar thóg mé? (HOHG may*)

<== попередня сторінка	\|	наступна сторінка ==>
PRONUNCIATION REVIEW	\|	Irish Lesson 27

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