Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the words from the boxes below.

Bridge designs disasters materials analysis construction accurate

The failure of bridges is of special concern for structural engineers in trying to learn lessons vital to bridge design, (1) __________ and maintenance. The failure of bridges first became a national interest during the Victorian era when many new (2) __________ were being built, often using new (3) __________ .

(4) __________ construction needs scientific and (5) __________ calculations and detailed structural (6) __________ of the design in order to avoid (7) __________ . But still accidents happen.

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1) Egyptian Bridge in St. Petersburg, Russia, carries Lermontov Avenue over the Fontanka River. It replaced the one-span (8) __________ bridge that was of historical interest as a monument to early 19th-century Egyptomania. It was (9) __________ in 1825-1826 by two (10) __________ engineers, Von Traitteur and Christianowicz. Its granite abutments were topped with cast-iron sphinxes and hexagonal lanterns. An unusual feature was a pair of cast-iron gates featuring Egyptian-style columns, ornaments, and hieroglyphics, with many details of the ironwork covered with gold.

The original bridge, used by both pedestrians and horse-drawn transport, (11) __________ on January 20, 1905, when a cavalry squadron was marching across it. The present (12) __________ , incorporating sphinxes and several other details from the 19th-century bridge, was (13) __________ in 1955.

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2)The Kerch Strait bridge is a proposal for a bridge spanning the Strait of Kerch between the Chushka Spit, Taman Peninsula, Russia and the Kerch Peninsula, Crimea, Ukraine. Currently (14) __________ is by car ferry between Port Kavkaz and Port Krym.

The (15) __________ of this bridge appeared first in early 1943 and was originated by Albert Speer. He hoped that the bridge would help organize the German invasion of the North Caucasus. The 4500-meter bridge was actually (16) __________ in summer 1944 after the liberation of the Crimea by the Red Army from the materials left on the site by the Wehrmacht. The bridge was (17) __________ within six months by flowing ice.

Since 1944, various bridge (18) __________ to span the strait have been proposed or attempted. The idea of a Kerch Strait bridge appeared again after the (19) __________ of the Soviet Union, but in 1994 the Russian and Ukrainian sides failed to finalize the project. Moscow mayor Yuri Luzhkov (1992 – 2010) was a vocal advocate for a highway bridge across the strait, expressing hope that it would bring the Crimeans closer to Russia, both economically and symbolically.

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3) A bridge (20) __________ in Yekaterinburg, Russia, happened on September 6, 2006. The (21) __________ bridge that was under construction in the center of Yekaterinburg collapsed at the crossing of Shevchenko and Vostochnaya Streets on Monday afternoon. Three of 10 reinforced-concrete beams (= girders) of the bridge span above the railway fell onto the rail tracks. Traffic along Vostochnaya Street that is one of the main highways of the city was blocked. Railway (22) __________ was also paralysed. A total of 111 freight trains and 104 passenger trains were delayed. Changes to the train schedule caused big costs. However, the railway tracks had not been damaged.

Work to dismantle the other six remaining beams was conducted through the joint efforts of railwaymen and (23) __________ . The bridge beams were first separated from one another by slits and then lowered to the ground by means of emergency train jibs.

At first, it was said that possible causes could include a mistake made by builders, but this was unlikely because the contractor was a very reliable (24) __________ . But later an (25) __________ was organized to find out the reason of the (26) __________ and it was stated that a gross design mistake might have caused the collapse of the bridge. The bridge (27) __________ because construction works were conducted with a violation of a city-building codex. Also, director didn't send a bridge design documents for public examination and didn't receive an approval for construction of the bridge.

Then it was decided to (28) __________ the bridge as it was an (29) __________ element of transport infrastructure.

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