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Rapid scientific advantages

8. Great discoveries were made in the 19^th century. One of them was the discovery of cocaine, which was very effective as a local anaesthetic. Surgeons could inject cocaine into a certain part of the body and deaden (заглушать) the pain in that part during the operation. When the problem of pain was solved, surgeons could carry out long and complicated operations.

9. A very important discovery was made by the French chemist, physicist and bacteriologist Louis Pasteur. We know him as the originator of the “germ (бактерия, микроб) theory” of disease. He discovered fermentation and developed the process of pasteurization (пастеризация). Louis Pasteur produced the theory that disease and infection were caused by germs and he proved that they were spread through the air. He found that germs could be killed in the liquids by heat and the term “pasteurization” was given to the process.

10. Rudolf Virchov became known for his work in cellular pathology, and Herman von Helmholtz for his invention of the ophthalmoscope (офтальмоскоп) in 1850. Lord Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgery in 1867, and Wilhelm K. Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895. He placed his hand in front of the apparatus and saw the rays passed through the hand and cast a shadow of bones on the screen. As these rays were unknown to him, he called them X-rays.

The Developments of the 20^th century

11. During the first seventy years of the 20^th century many discoveries were made in the treatment and prevention of disease. In 1901 Karl LandSteiner discovered the blood groups. Some diseases are not caused by germs or infections but by the lack of certain substances in our food. The discovery of vitamins in 1912 was very important to provide people with a properly balanced diet. In 1922 Sir Frederick Banting found that insulin was very effective against diabetes.

12. Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Dr. Alexander Fleming who became the founder of the modern science of antibiotics. Penicillin was used in hospitals to reduce infections in wounds during the Second World War. Streptomycin and a series of anti-infection drugs were discovered after penicillin. All these drugs are known as antibiotics.

13. A drug known as sulphanilamide was discovered in 1935. It became the first of the “miracle” drugs (чудодейственное лекарство) which gave immediate and amazing results in the treatment of many infectious diseases including pneumonia.

14. During the two world wars, great advances were made in the field of plastic surgery, in which skin, bone or muscles was taken from one part of the body and then was transplanted to a badly injured area in another part.

15. Great progress was made in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, bacterial and viral infections, kidney disorders and other main causes of death and disability (потеря трудоспособности). The individual of today will live longer and healthfully than ever before.

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