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Юриспунденкция

Unit 4 English sounds. Practice section

4.1 Sounds to be trained: p, b, f, v, t, d, s, z, m, n, ɪ, i:

a) read the sound characteristics and train the sounds in words given in transcription.

[p]– a bilabial occlusive oral plosive, voiceless;

[b] - voiced.

A complete obstruction is formed by the lips pressed together. The soft palate is raised and the stream of air compressed in the mouth cavity breaks through this obstruction with plosion.

‘pɜ:sɪ ‘pɜ:fɪkt ‘pɜ:pəs pi:pl ‘pɒplwəl pα:s pʊt pɒt peɪ paʊnd

bɪt bæt bΛt ‘beɪbɪ ‘bælkənɪ bɒtl ‘blænkɪt bleɪdz

[f] –a labio-dental constrictive oral fricative, voiceless;

[v] – voiced.

The lower lip and the upper teeth form a narrowing through which the stream of air passes with audible friction.

faɪn fɒks fΛn fα: ‘fɒrɪst flɪŋ flaɪ flu: fləʊt flΛf

‘vɪktə ‘velvɪt ‘vɪvɪd ‘vaɪəlɪt ‘vɒdkə vɜ:s ‘evə trævl

[t]– a forelingual alveolar occlusive plosive oral consonant, voiceless;

[d]– voiced.

The tip of the tongue is pressed to the alveoli, forming a complete obstruction. The soft palate is raised and the air compressed in the mouth cavity breaks the obstruction with plosion.

taɪm tel taʊn tɔ:n ‘tæksɪ ‘telɪfəʊn twelv ‘twentɪ bɪ’twi:n

du: deɪ dɒg ‘drɪərɪ dræb draɪv bed rəʊd ə’freɪd deɪt ‘dɔ:tə

[s] – a forelingual alveolar constrictive oral fricative, voceless;

[z] – voiced.

These sounds are formed by the tip of the tongue held close to the alveoli. The narrowing is round because of the groove in the blade of the tongue. The Sides of the tongue are in close contact with the sides of the hard palate so that the stream of air escapes through the groove with friction. The teeth are close together.

si:m sɒft sæm sləʊ skɪn swi:t ‘sɪərɪəs ‘sensɪbl ‘sɪstə

zu: ‘zi:brə zəʊ’ɒlɒd3ɪ kreɪzɪ hə’raɪzən pΛzl æz wɒz hɪz

[m] – a bilabial occlusive nasal sonant.

The soft palate is lowered and the stream of air, exhaled from the lungs, escapes through the nasal cavity.

mi:t məʊst mu:n kraɪm du:m rəʊm maɪn si:m bleɪm

[n] – a forelingual alveolar occlusive nasal sonant.

The soft palate is lowered and the air escapes through the nasal cavity.

dα:ns ni:d neɪm ‘nΛmbə dα:n ni:dl ni:t

[ɪ] – a front retracted phoneme of high rise broad variation unrounded short monophthong.

The tongue moves forward and upward, the tip of the tongue is near the lower teeth. The lips are spread. The jaw is a bit lowered.

[i:] – a front advanced phoneme of high rise narrow variation unrounded long tense diphthongoid.

The tongue moves forward and upward, the front of the tongue is raised high in the direction of the hard palate but no so high as to cause the stream of to produce audible friction. The tip of the tongue is at the lower teeth, the lips are spread as in a smile slightly revealing the upper and lower teeth which are close together.

bɪg pɪg fɪg dɪg rɪg wɪg bɪn pɪn sɪn wɪn ‘prɪmɪtɪv ‘mɪnɪstrɪ

hi: ∫i: mi: tri: si: fli: wi:d li:k swi:p si: pi: ti: bi:nz li:v hi:p

b) train the sounds in rhymes and sentences.

Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper;

A peck of pickled pepper Peter Piper picked;

If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper

Where’s the peck of pickled pepper Peter Piper picked?

A sailor went to sea

To see what he could see

But all he could see

Was sea, sea and sea.

The busy bees are flying over the roses.

Slow and steady wins the race.

Speech is silver, but silence is gold.

Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves.

It’s a pity thatlittle Kitty lives in a big city.

Extremes meet.

c) read the dialogue, find sounds that have been trained before and stage the dialogue.

Peter: What would you like to eat, Edith?

Edith: A meat sandwich.

Peter: Jean, would you like a meat sandwich or a cheese sandwich?

Jean: A cheese sandwich, please.

Waiter Good evening!

Peter: Good evening! We’ll have one meat sandwich and two cheese sandwiches.

Edith: And three teas, please.

Waiter: (writing down the order) One meat sandwich, two cheese sandwiches and three teas.

4.2 Sounds to be trained: k, g, h, j, e, æ.

a) read the sound characteristics and train the sounds in words given in transcription.

[k] – a backlingual occlusive plosive oral consonant, voiceless;

[g]– voiced.

The back of the tongue is raised to the soft palate forming a complete obstruction. The stream of air coming from the lungs is trapped for a short time and then breaks the obstruction with a slight explosion. The tip of the tongue is retracted from the lower teeth.

kæ∫ keɪs kΛm kɔɪn kα: maɪk teɪk pα:k ki:p kɪd

gəʊ get gu:d gɪv gəʊld græn greɪt æŋgrɪ gri:s grΛmbl

[h] – a pharyngeal constrictive fricative voiceless oral consonant.

A narrowing is formed between the root of the tongue and the walls of the pharynx. The stream of air exhaled from the lungs passes through the narrowing with a slight friction. The vocal cords are kept apart and do not vibrate.

hɪp hɒp hi:p hu:p hɪl hel hi:l hɔ:l hɪz hɔ:s haʊs hes hɪt hΛt

[j] – a mediolingual constrictive central oral sonant.

The central part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate forming a rather wide narrowing through which the stream of air passes without any audible friction. The tip of the tongue is lowered. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords are made to vibrate. The lips are spread or neutral.

jɜ:k nju: jɒgət jΛŋ jestədɪ ji:st jα:d jeləʊ jel jɔ: fju: vju:

[e] – a front advanced phoneme of middle rise narrow variation unrounded short monophthong.

The tongue in comparison with its neutral position moves forward, and upward. The front of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate but not so high as in forming the English [i:]. The air passage is rather wide. The jaw is a bit lowered. The lips are slightly spread or neutral. The tip of the tongue is near the lower teeth.

ken ten wen bend send mend west t∫est drest ‘sevn ‘klevə ‘nevə daɪ’rek∫n

[æ] – a front advanced phoneme of a low rise broad variation unrounded short monophthong.

The tongue in comparison with its neutral position moves forward, and upward. The front of the tongue is near the lower teeth. Te front of the tongue is slightly raised. The passage between the tongue and the hard palate is wide and the stream of air passes freely through it. The lips are spread. The lower jaw quickly and energetically lowered as soon as the vocal cords start vibrating.

dʒæk krækl rækɪt gæŋ sæŋ spræŋ kæ∫ kræ∫ splæ∫

b) train the sounds in rhymes and sentences.

Elizabeth, Elspeth, Betsey, and Bess

They all went together

To seek a bird’s nest;

They found a bird’s nest,

With five eggs in,

They all took one,

And left four in.

Once there lived a lad who was always very sad.

For he hadn’t any mother and he hadn’t any dad.

Up Jack got

And home did trot

As fast as he could caper

Went to bed

And plastered his head

With vinegar and brown paper.

That fat man patched his black jacket in the tram.

That’s the man who sat on my hat in the tram.

Cut your coat according to your cloth.

If you agree to carry the calf, they’ll make you carry the cow.

Three gray geese in the green grass were grazing.

Gray were the geese and green was the grazing.

c) read the dialogue “A Stupid Student”, find sounds that have been trained before and stage the dialogue:

Jim: Excuse me. Did you use to live in York?

Jack: Yes.

Jim: Did you use to be the tutor at the University?

Jack: Yes. For a few years.

Jim: Do you remember Hugh Young? He was a music student.

Jack: Hugh Young? Did he use to have a huge yellow jeep?

Jim: Yes. And he used to play beautiful tunes on the tuba.

Jack: Oh, yes. I knew Hugh Young. He used to be a very stupid student. Do you have any news of Hugh?

Jim: Yes. He is a millionaire now in New York.

Jack: A millionaire? Playing the tuba?

Jim: Oh, no. He produces jam in tubes, and tins of sausages and onion stew and sells them in Europe. I read about Hugh in the newspaper yesterday.

Jack: Oh, well, he wasn’t so stupid.

4.3 Sounds to be trained: l,∫, ʒ, t∫,dʒ.

a) read the sound characteristics and train the sounds in words given in transcription.

[l] – a forelingual alveolar constrictive lateral oral sonant.

The tip of the tongue is pressed to the alveoli, while the sides of the tongue are lowered and the air escapes through the narrowings formed between the sides of the tongue and the hard palate. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords are made to vibrate.

There exist two variants of the English [l]. At the end of words and before consonants there appears a “dark” variant ([ł]). In this position the tip of the tongue is raised to the alveoli and a spoon-shaped depression is formed along the central part of the tongue.

“Clear” variants occur before front vowels. In pronouncing [l] before [i:] in the word “lean” the tip of the tongue is also raised to alveoli but the contact covers a larger area. The front of the tongue is raised toward the hard palate.

lΛv laɪf lu:k lɒts lα:f leg lɔ:d lɪmp ɔ:l fʊl sel pu:l fəʊl grəʊl

[∫] – a forlingual oral post alveolar constrictive, voiceless;

[ʒ] – voiced.

The tip and the blade of the tongue are held close to the back of the alveoli forming the primary focus. There is grooving similar to that of [s] and [z] though not so narrow. The front of the tongue is raised rather high to the hard palate forming the second focus. The lips are slightly pushed forward. The soft palate is raised. The vocal cords are kept apart and do not vibrate.

∫əʊ ∫i:p ∫eɪm ∫ɔ: ∫εə splɪ∫ splæ∫ splɒ∫ slΛ∫ swu:∫

‘pleʒə ‘treʒə ‘meʒə ‘leʒə ɪn’kləʊʒə dɪ’sɪʒn kə’lɪʒn rɪ’vɪʒn tele’vɪʒn

[t∫] – a forelingual post-alveolar oral affricate; voiceless;

[dʒ] – voiced.

The tip of the tongue is pressed to the back of the alveoli. So the passage for the stream of air is blocked for a short time. Then the front of the tongue is raised in the direction of the hard palate and the tip of the tongue is slowly removed from the alveoli forming a flat narrowing through which the air passes with friction. Due to the raised position of the front part of the tongue the sounds are slightly palatalized.

t∫α:lz t∫eɪndʒ t∫u:z t∫ɪps t∫i:z mΛt∫ swɪt∫ wɒt∫ brα:nt∫ lΛnt∫ ‘bʊt∫ə

dʒɔ: dʒα: dʒəʊ daɪ’dʒest∫ən ‘sɜ:dʒərɪ ‘dʒentlɪ dʒi:nz dʒΛst dʒɒb ‘vɪlɪldʒ

b)

She sells seashells,

On the seashore.

The shells she sells,

Are seashells, I’m sure.

For if she sells seashells,

On the seashore,

Then, I’m sure, she sells,

Seashore shells.

Jack and Jill

Went up the hill

To fetch a pail of water.

Jack fell down and broke his crown;

And Jill came tumbling after.

Which witch is which?

Which witch wished which wicked wish?

Jolly juggling jesters jauntily juggled jiggling jacks.

Let sleeping dogs lie.

Life is not all cakes and ale.

Eat at pleasure, drink with measure.

Hatches, catches, matches and dispatches.

Be just before you are generous.

Children are poor men’s riches.

c) read the dialogue “George Churchill”, find sounds that have been trained before and stage the dialogue:

Jerry: Just outside the village there is a very dangerous bridge.

John: Yes. Charles told me two jeeps crashed on it in January. What happened?

Jerry: Well, George Churchill was the driver of the larger jeep and he was driving dangerously. He’d been drinking gin.

John: George Churchill? Do I know George Churchill?

Jerry: Yes. That ginger-haired chap. He’s the manager of the travel agency in Chester.

John: Oh, yes, I remember George. He’s always telling jokes. Well, was anybody injured?

Jerry: Oh, yes. The other jeep went over the edge of the bridge and two children and another passenger were badly injured.

John: And what happened to George?

Jerry: George? He is telling jokes in jail now, I suppose!

4.4 Sounds to be trained: eɪ, εə.

a) read the sound characteristics and train the sounds in words given in transcription.

[eɪ] – front advanced of middle rise narrow variation unrounded.

The tip of the tongue is at the lower teeth. The front of the tongue is raised in the direction of the hard palate almost as high as for the sound [e]. In pronouncing both the nucleus ([e] component) and the glide ([ɪ] component) the lips are slightly spread. The opening between the jaws is rather narrow but a little wider for the nucleus than for the glide.

weɪ seɪ neɪm dʒeɪms breɪn t∫eɪn ɪn’fleɪ∫n ‘peɪ∫əns pə’reɪd ‘leməneɪd

[εə] – the nucleus of it is front advanced of middle rise, broad variation unrounded.

The tip of the tongue is at the lower teeth. The front of the tongue is mid-way between the position for [e] and [æ]. After pronouncing the nucleus the tongue immediately moves back to the position for the neutral sound [ə].The lips are spread for the nucleus and neutral for the glide.

εə lεə stεə fεərɪ dεərɪ prεərɪ kεə stεə bɪ’wεə

b)

A Dictionary’s where you can look things up

To see if they are really there:

To see if what you breathe is Air,

If what you sit on is a chair,

If what you comb is curly Hair,

If what you drink from is a Cup.

A Dictionary’s where you can look things up

To see if they’re really there.

Bat, bat,

Come under my hat

And I’ll give you a slice of bacon,

And when I bake,

I’ll give you cake,

If I am not mistaken.

Upstairs, downstairs,

Upon my lady’s window,

There I saw a cup of sack,

And a race of ginger.

Beware of a silent dog and still water.

Haste makes waste.

The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.

Small rain lays great dust.

No pains no gains.

As scarce as hen’s teeth.

A penny saved is a penny gained.

c) read the dialogue “A Pair of Hairbrushes”, find sounds that have been trained before and stage the dialogue:

Mary: I’ve lost two small hairbrushes, Claire. They are a pair. I need to find them now; otherwise we’ll be late for the train!

Claire: Have you looked carefully everywhere?

Mary: Yes. They are nowhere here.

Claire: Have you looked upstairs?

Mary: Yes. I’ve looked everywhere upstairs and downstairs. They aren’t anywhere.

Claire: Are they square, Mary?

Mary: Yes. They are square hairbrushes. Have you seen them anywhere?

Claire: Well, you are wearing one of them in your hair!

Mary: Oh! Then where’s the other one?

Claire: It’s over there under the chair. And don’t hurry; they changed the timetable of the trains at the end of April. It is the first of May today. Now the train leaves at 8. 18.

4.5 Sounds to be trained: aɪ, ɪə.

a) read the sound characteristics and train the sounds in words given in transcription.

[aɪ] – the nucleus is front retracted of low rise broad variation unrounded.

The tip of the tongue is at the lower teeth for the nucleus but a bit retracted. The front of the tongue is slightly raised but lower than for the sound [æ]. After completing the nucleus the front of the tongue immediately moves up in the direction of the sound [ɪ] but without reaching it. The opening between the jaws is rather wide for the nucleus but much narrower for the glide.

baɪ flaɪ daɪ laɪ kaɪnd blaɪnd ‘saɪlənt ‘laɪsəns raɪz ‘raɪzɪng taɪm ‘taɪmɪŋ

[ɪə] – the nucleus of this diphthong is front retracted of high rise broad variation unrounded.

The tip of the tongue for the nucleus is near the lower teeth. The front of the tongue is raised to the position of the vowel [ɪ]. In pronouncing the glide the tongue moves down and backward towards the neutral sound [ə] the articulation of which is fully accomplished. The lips are spread for the nucleus and neutral for the glide.

ɪə bɪəd wɪərɪ hɪə mɪə wɪə kwɪə bɪə ɪərɪ pɪəz fɪəs

b)

Here is the church, and here is the steeple;

Open the door and here are the people.

Here is the parson going upstairs,

And here he is a-saying his prayers.

Star light, star bright,

First star I see tonight,

I wish I may, I wish I might,

Have the wish I wish tonight.

Good night, sleep tight,

Don’t let the bedbugs bite

Wake up bright

In the morning light

To do what’s right

With all your might.

Near is my shirt nearer is my skin.

Beauty lies in lover’s eyes.

To smile through tears.

Strike the iron while it’s hot.

A stitch in time saves nine.

Experience is the mother of wisdom.

Out of sight out of mind.

c) read the dialogue “A Bearded Mountaineer”, find sounds that have been trained before and stage the dialogue:

Myra: Let’s have some ice-cream here, Mike.

Mike: What a good idea! They have very good ice-cream here. We were here with Michael last Friday.

Myra: The atmosphere is very nice.

Mike: But it’s windier than last Friday.

Mike: Look at that mountaineer drinking beer.

Myra: His beard is in his beer.

Mike: His beard has nearly disappeared into his beer.

Myra: Oh, dear! He might hear.

Waiter: (bringing the ice-cream) Here you are, sir.

4.6 Sounds to be trained: θ, ð.

a) read the sound characteristics and train the sounds in words given in transcription.

[θ] – a forelingual interdental constrictive oral fricative, voiceless;

[ð] – voiced.

The tip of the tongue moves forward and occupies a position between the upper and lower teeth. The soft palate is raised, and the stream of air passes through the narrowing formed between the upper teeth and the tip of the tongue with friction.

θɪn θɪŋk θɪŋ θΛm θΛmp θΛd ‘θɜ:zdɪ ‘θɪətə ‘θaʊzənd θri:

‘brΛðə ‘mΛðə ‘Λðə ə’nΛðə ‘bɒðə ‘heðə ‘weðə ‘leðə ‘feðə

b)

A shoemaker makes shoes without leather,

With four elements all together,

Fire, Water, Earth, Air,

And every customer takes two pair.

A thatcher of Thatchwood went to Thatchet-a-thatching.

Did a thatcher Thatchwood go to Thatchet-a-thatching?

If a thatcher of Thatchwood went to Thatchet-a-thatching,

Where’s the thatching the thatcher of Thatchwood has thatched?

Wealth is nothing without health.

Birds of feather flock together.

To go through thick and thin.

When three Thursday come together.

The less men think the more they talk.

To tell the truth and nothing but the truth.

c) read the dialogue “Gossips”, find sounds that have been trained before and stage the dialogue:

Judith: Edith [‘i:dɪθ] Smith is only thirty.

Ethel [‘eθəl]: Is she? I thought she was thirty-three.

Judith: Edith’s birthday was last Thursday.

Ethel: Was it? I thought it was last month.

Judith: The Smith’s house is worth thirty thousand pounds.

Ethel: Is it? I thought it was worth thirty thousand.

Judith: I’m so thirsty.

Ethel: Are you? I thought you drank something at Smiths’.

Judith: No. Edith gave me nothing to drink.

Ethel: Shall I buy you a drink?

Judith: Thank you.

4.7 Sound to be trained: ŋ, r

a) read the sound characteristics and train the sounds in words given in transcription.

[ŋ] – a backlingual occlusive nasal sonant.

The back part pf the tongue is pressed to the soft palate. The stream of air passes through the nasal cavity. The vocal cords vibrate. The tip of the tongue is near the lower teeth.

sɪŋ sæŋ sΛŋ sɒŋ brɪŋ bæŋ bΛŋ bɪ’lɒŋ dɪŋ dæŋ dΛŋ dɒŋ

[r] – a forelingual post alveolar constrictive central oral sonant.

The tip of the tongue is held near the back of the alveoli, forming a rather wide narrowing. The sides of the tongue are in contact with the sides of the palate and there is a lateral bunching of the tongue. The soft palate is raised and the air escapes through the mouth along the tongue and through the narrowing the tip of the tongue and the back of the alveoli without any audible friction.

rɔ: rΛn red ru:f rεə rəʊm reɪdʒ raɪs ‘rΛbɪ∫ ‘ræbɪt ‘rɪvə ‘rɪəlɪ

b)

I can think of six thin things

Six thin things, can you?

Yes, I can think of six thin things

And of six thick things too.

As I was going along, along, along

And singing a comical song, song

The way that I went was so long, long, long

And the song that I sang was as long, long, long

And so I went singing along.

Row, row, row your boat

Gently down the stream.

Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily

Life is like a dream.

There is neither rhyme nor reason in it.

Soon ripe soon rotten.

Truth is stranger than fiction.

c) read the dialogue “Noisy Neighbours”, find sounds that have been trained before and stage the dialogue:

Mr Pring: (angrily) Bang! Bang! Bang! What is Roland King doing at seven o’clock on Sunday morning?

Mrs Pring: Well, Mr King is sleeping.

Mr Pring: Yes, but what is the banging noise?

Mrs Pring: (looking out of the window) He is standing on a ladder banging some nails into the wall with a hammer. Now he is hanging some strong string on the nails.

Mr Pring: And what is Ruth King doing?

Mrs Pring: She is bringing something pink for Mr King to drink. Now she is putting it right under the ladder, and … Ohh!

Mr Pring: What’s happening?

Mrs Pring: The ladder’s falling.

Mr Pring: What’s Mr King doing?

Mrs Pring: He is hanging from the string. He is holding the string in his fingers and is crying at Mrs King.

Mr Pring: Really? And is she helping him?

Mrs Pring: No. She is running to our house. Now she is ringing our bell.

Mr Pring: I’m not going to answer it. I’m sleeping.

4.8 Sounds to be trained: Λ, α:

a) read the sound characteristics and train the sounds in words given in transcription.

[Λ] – a back advanced phoneme of middle rise broad variation unrounded short monophthong.

The back of the tongue is raised to the roof of the mouth but not so high as for the sounds [ʊ] or [u:]. The tip of the tongue is retracted from the lower teeth. The lips are spread or neutral. The mouth is half-open.

fΛn sΛn bɪ’gΛn kΛt ∫Λt ‘bΛtə lΛk dΛk stΛk dʒΛmp trΛst ∫Λt

[α:] – a back advanced phoneme of low rise broad variation unrounded long tense monophthong.

The tongue is very low down in the mouth cavity. The back of the tongue is slightly raised towards the soft palate. The tip of the tongue is retracted form the lower teeth. The lips are neutral. The opening between the jaws is wide.

kα: stα:vd dα:lɪŋ dα:ns t∫α:ns frα:ns pα:st lα:st nα:stɪ α:sk mα:sk

b)

All around the mulberry bush

The monkey chased the weasel.

The monkey thought ‘twas all in fun.

Pop! goes the weasel.

A penny for a spool of thread,

A penny for a needle.

That’s the way the money goes.

Pop! goes the weasel.

Up and down the City Road,

In and out of the Eagel,

That’s the way the money goes.

Pop! goes the weasel.

Half a pound of tuppenny rice,

Half a pound of treacle,

Mix it up and make it nice,

Pop! goes the weasel.

Far from eye, far from heart.

Every country has its customs.

Don’t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you, ‘cause it will only double trouble, and trouble others too.

After a storm comes a calm.

Cast no dirt into the well that gives you water.

Well began is half done.

c) read the dialogue “At a Party”, find sounds that have been trained before and stage the dialogue:

Margaret: Where is your glass, Martin?

Martin: It’s on the bar.

Margaret: Martin, Douglas! Come into the garden. Martha and Russ are dancing in the dark.

Martin: In the garden? How wonderful! I thought he was in love with my cousin Sunny!

Margaret: They are dancing under the stars. You mustn’t worry about Sunny, she would be unhappy with Russ. She doesn’t love him.

Douglas: And Arnold is playing his guitar.

Margaret: Doesn’t Martha look smart and lovely!

Martin: Look at Russ! What a marvelous dancer!

Margaret: Oh, let’s take a photograph of this company.

Martin: We can’t. It’s too dark.

4.9 Sounds to be trained: w, u:, ʊ

a) read the sound characteristics and train the sounds in words given in transcription.

[w] – a bilabial constrictive oral central sonant.

The lips are slightly protruded and rounded forming a narrowing through which the stream of air passes without any audible friction. At the same time the back of the tongue is raised towards to the soft palate. Te vocal cords vibrate. From this initial position the tongue and the lips glide into the position for the following vowel.

wɪnd weɪvz ‘wɔ:tə wɜ:ld wu:dz wɒt wεə waɪ wen wɪt∫

[u:] – a back retracted phoneme of high rise narrow variation rounded long tense phoneme.

The tip of the tongue is retracted from the lower teeth. The back of the tongue is raised high in the direction of the soft palate. The muscles of the tongue are tense. The bulk of the tongue glides from a more advanced and lower position to a more retracted and higher one. The lips are rounded. They are close together at the sides leaving a narrow opening in the middle.

lu: tu:l fu:l ∫u:t bu:t ru:t fu:d spu:n sku:l pru:f tu:θ ‘hu:və

[ʊ] – a back advanced phoneme of high rise broad variation rounded short monophthong.

The back of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate but less than for the sound [u:]. The tip of the tongue is retracted from the lower teeth. The lips are slightly rounded forming an oval-shaped opening which is wider than for the sound [u:]. The lips are flat without any trace of protrusion.

wʊd gʊd stʊd bʊk lʊk tʊk bʊl ‘bʊlɪ ‘bʊlɪt bʊ∫ kʊ∫n ‘bʊt∫ə

b)

Whether the weather is fine

Or whether the weather be not,

Whether the weather is cold

Or whether the weather be hot,

We’ll weather the weather

Whatever the weather

Whether we like it or not.

How much wood

Would a woodchuck chuck,

If a woodchuck

Could chuck wood?

As much wood

As a woodchuck would,

If a woodchuck

Could chuck wood.

A Tutor who tooted a flute

Tried to tutor two tooters to toot.

Said the two to their tutor,

“Is it harder to toot

Or to tutor two tooters to toot?”

Once in a blue moon.

When the wind is in the west, the weather is always best.

When the wine is in, the wit is out.

No news is good news.

A good beginning makes a good ending.

It’s too good to be true.

By hook or by crook.

c) read the dialogue “In a Good School”, find sounds that have been trained before and stage the dialogue:

Miss Groom: Good afternoon, girls.

Girls: Good afternoon, Miss Cook.

Miss Groom: This afternoon we are going to learn how to cook soup. Open your cookery books at Unit twenty-two.

Sue: Excuse me, Miss Groom.

Miss Groom: Yes, Sue?

Sue: There’s some chewing gum on your shoe.

Miss Groom: Whose chewing gum is on my shoe? Who threw it on the floor? Was it you Sue?

Sue: No, Miss Groom, it was Gwen.

Miss Groom: Who?

Sue: Gwen Howard.

Gwen: It wasn’t me, stupid. It was Prue.

Sue: It was you!

Gwen: It wasn’t me, you stupid fool. My mouth is full of chewing gum. Look, Miss Groom.

Miss Groom: Excuse me! You are being very rude. You two nuisances will stay in school this afternoon instead of going to the swimming pool.

4.10 Sounds to be trained: ʊə, aʊ

a) read the sound characteristics and train the sounds in words given in transcription.

[ʊə] – The nucleus is back advanced of high rise broad variation slightly rounded.

To pronounce the nucleus the tip of the tongue is retracted from the lower teeth. The back of the tongue is raised to the soft palate as high as for the sound [ʊ]. Then the tongue immediately moves down to the position of the neutral sound [ə]. In pronouncing the nucleus the lips are slightly rounded. In pronouncing the glide the lips are neutral.

kjʊə kjʊərɪ’ɒsɪtɪ ‘kjʊərɪəs ‘hjʊərən ‘jʊərəp pjʊə ∫ʊə ‘dʒʊərɪ ‘rʊərəl

[aʊ] – the nucleus is front retracted of low rise broad variation unrounded.

The tip of the tongue is near the lower teeth. The front of the tongue is slightly raised.

Then the tongue moves upward and backward in the direction of the sound [ʊ] without actually reaching its position. The opening of jaws is wide for the nucleus and rather narrow for the glide.

haʊ naʊ kaʊ braʊn taʊn kraʊn haʊs θaʊzənd traʊzəz

b)

There was a crooked man,

And he walked a crooked mile.

He found a crooked sixpence,

Beside a crooked stile;

He bought a crooked cat,

Which caught a crooked mouse,

And they all lived together,

In a little crooked house.

Every cloud has a silver lining.

What can’t be cured must be endured.

Out of sight, out of mind.

Are you sure that this water is pure?

Do you feel secure about your fuel?

Burn not your house to rid of a mouse.

From mouth to mouth.

c) read the dialogue “A Mouse in the House”, find sounds that have been trained before and stage the dialogue:

Mrs.Brown: (shouting loudly) I’ve found a mouse.

Mr.Brown: Oh! You are shouting too loudly. Sit down and don’t shout.

Mrs.Brown: (sitting down) I’ve found a mouse in the house.

Mr.Brown: Are you sure you saw a mouse?

Mrs.Brown: Yes. A little round mouse. It is running around in the lounge.

Mr.Brown: On the ground? Yes. It is under the couch now.

Mrs.Brown: Well, get it out.

Mr.Brown: How?

Mrs.Brown: Turn the couch upside-down. Get it out somehow. We don’t want a mouse in the house. Ours is the cleanest house in the town.

Mr.Brown: If you want to be cruel you can lure it into a trap.

4.11 Sounds to be trained: ɒ, ɔ:

a) read the sound characteristics and train the sounds in words given in transcription.

[ɒ] – a back retracted phoneme of low rise broad variation slightly rounded short monophthong.

The tip of the tongue is retracted from the lower teeth. The back of the tongue is raised to the soft palate. The lips are slightly rounded but not protruded. The opening between the jaws is rather wide.

hɒp ‘ hɒkɪ ‘hɒrɪbl ‘gɒssɪp ‘kɒmənt ‘kɒnflɪkt ‘kɒmpaund ‘kɒnstɪtju:t

[ɔ:] – a back retracted phoneme of low rise narrow variation rounded long tense monophthong.

The tip of the tongue is retracted from the lower teeth. The back of the tongue is raised to the soft palate. The lips are rounded forming an oval-shaped opening.

ɔ: fɔ: nɔ: mɔ: stɔ: bɪ’fɔ: stɔ:m kɔ:n ‘tɔ:təs ‘ɔ:rəl ‘glɔ:rɪ ‘kɔ:rəs

b)

It’s raining, it’s pouring;

The old man is snoring.

Bumped his head

And he went to bed

And he couldn’t get up in the morning.

Rain, rain, go away;

Come again another day;

Little Johnny wants to play.

Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.

Humpty Dumpty had a great fall.

All the king’s horses and all the king’s men

Couldn’t put Humpty together again.

Honesty is the best policy.

A small pot is soon hot.

A watched pot never boils.

Cobbler’s wife is the worst shod.

c) read the dialogue “Sports Report from Channel Four”, find sounds that have been trained before and stage the dialogue:

Announcer: This morning the “Roares” football team arrived back from York. Paul Bloggs is our sports reporter and he was at the airport.

Paul Bloggs: Good morning. This is Paul Bloggs. All the footballers are walking towards me. Here is George Ball, the goalkeeper. Good morning, George.

George Ball: Good morning. Are you a reporter?

Paul Bloggs: Yes. I am from Channel 4. Please give your comments on the football match with York.

George Ball: Well, it was horrible. We lost. And the score was four, forty-four. But it was not my fault.

Paul Bloggs: Whose fault was it?

George Ball: The forwards.

Paul Bloggs: What was wrong with them?

George Ball: Yes. The forwards. They are always falling down or losing the ball. They’d better play golf.

4.12 Sounds to be trained: ɔɪ, əʊ

a) read the sound characteristics and train the sounds in words given in transcription.

[ɔɪ] – the nucleus is back retracted low rise narrow variation, slightly rounded.

The tip of the tongue is retracted form the lower teeth. The back of the tongue is raised to the soft palate. The lips are slightly rounded. Then the tongue moves forward and upward in the direction of the sound [ɪ] without really reaching it. The opening between the jaws is wide for the nucleus but much narrower for the glide.

bɔɪ ɪn’dʒɔɪ rɔɪəl ɪm’plɔɪə ‘ɔɪstə nɔɪz vɔɪs d3ɔɪn ɔɪl bɔɪl tɔɪl

[əʊ] – the nucleus is central or mixed of middle rise narrow variation unrounded.

The tip of the tongue is at the lower teeth. In pronouncing the glide the back of the tongue rises upward, in the direction of the sound [ʊ]. The lips are neutral at the beginning of the diphthong and rounded at the end.

səʊ gəʊ təʊ ‘hɪrəʊ ‘stju:dɪəʊ vɒl’keɪnəʊ nəʊ rəʊ ‘jeləʊ bəʊt ləʊd kəʊl

b)

What type of noise annoys an oyster?

A noisy noise annoys an oyster.

There was an old woman,

Who lived in a shoe;

She had so many children,

She didn’t know what to do.

She gave them some broth,

Without any bread;

She whipped them all soundly,

And sent them to bed.

To bed, to bed,

Says Sleepy-head.

Tarry a while, says Slow.

Put on the pan,

Says greedy Nan,

We’ll sup before we go.

As you sow you shall mow.

Little strokes fell great oaks.

There is no rose without a thorn.

Whenever you may roam, there’s no place like home.

Man proposes, God disposes.

Oh, no, don’t go home alone.

Nobody knows how lonely the road is.

c) read the dialogue “Joice’s Rolls Royce”, find sounds that have been trained before and stage the dialogue:

Garage boy: What a terrible noise! My eyes are closed, I was just going to have a nap.

Mrs Jones: Eh?

Garage boy: (raising his voice) What a terrible noise! This is the noisiest Rolls Royce I’ve ever heard.

Mrs Jones: (pointing) It’s out of oil.

Garage boy: Out of oil? And look. The water’s boiling, Madam. A Rolls Royce isn’t a toy. Perhaps you’ve spoilt the motor or even destroyed it.

Mrs Jones: How annoying! While you are changing the oil, I’ll put my coat on and go out and spend good time enjoying the snow.

4.13 Sound to be trained: ɜ:

a) read the sound characteristics and train the sounds in words given in transcription.

[ɜ:] – a mixed vowel of middle rise narrow variation unrounded long tense monophthong.

The central part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate. The tip of the tongue is near the lower teeth. The opening between the jaws is rather narrow. The lips are neutral.

hɜ: pɜ:t pɜ:t∫ wɜ: prɪ’fɜ: ‘pɜ:fɪkt ə’lɜ:dʒɪk sʊ’pɜ:b pɜ:sn ‘pɜ:mənənt

b)

As the workman so is the work.

First come – first served.

The early bird catches the first worm.

Many words hurt more than swords.

One good turn deserves another.

b) Read the dialogue “Guests on Thursday”, find sounds that have been trained before and stage the dialogue:

Herbert: I’ve got a telegram from Margaret and Herman.

Ann: Are they coming from Germany to England again?

Herbert: Yes. At the beginning of August. On the 13^th. It’s Thursday.

Ann: Good. You should learn whether it’s your turn to go to work. We could all get together again.

Herbert: What are you murmuring? I haven’t heard a word!

Ann: Oh, you are so irksome… I said I need a new purchase – a fur coat!.

Herbert: But it’s not your birthday, and why on earth do you need it in August?

Ann: August is certainly a good time for discounts.

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