МАРК РЕГНЕРУС ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ: Наскільки відрізняються діти, які виросли в одностатевих союзах
РЕЗОЛЮЦІЯ: Громадського обговорення навчальної програми статевого виховання ЧОМУ ФОНД ОЛЕНИ ПІНЧУК І МОЗ УКРАЇНИ ПРОПАГУЮТЬ "СЕКСУАЛЬНІ УРОКИ" ЕКЗИСТЕНЦІЙНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ОСНОВИ ПОРУШЕННЯ СТАТЕВОЇ ІДЕНТИЧНОСТІ ПІДЛІТКІВ Батьківський, громадянський рух в Україні закликає МОН зупинити тотальну сексуалізацію дітей і підлітків Відкрите звернення Міністру освіти й науки України - Гриневич Лілії Михайлівні Представництво українського жіноцтва в ООН: низький рівень культури спілкування в соціальних мережах Гендерна антидискримінаційна експертиза може зробити нас моральними рабами ЛІВИЙ МАРКСИЗМ У НОВИХ ПІДРУЧНИКАХ ДЛЯ ШКОЛЯРІВ ВІДКРИТА ЗАЯВА на підтримку позиції Ганни Турчинової та права кожної людини на свободу думки, світогляду та вираження поглядів
Контакти
Тлумачний словник Авто Автоматизація Архітектура Астрономія Аудит Біологія Будівництво Бухгалтерія Винахідництво Виробництво Військова справа Генетика Географія Геологія Господарство Держава Дім Екологія Економетрика Економіка Електроніка Журналістика та ЗМІ Зв'язок Іноземні мови Інформатика Історія Комп'ютери Креслення Кулінарія Культура Лексикологія Література Логіка Маркетинг Математика Машинобудування Медицина Менеджмент Метали і Зварювання Механіка Мистецтво Музика Населення Освіта Охорона безпеки життя Охорона Праці Педагогіка Політика Право Програмування Промисловість Психологія Радіо Регилия Соціологія Спорт Стандартизація Технології Торгівля Туризм Фізика Фізіологія Філософія Фінанси Хімія Юриспунденкция |
|
|||||||
Overview of the ReportThe sections following this executive summary jointly constitute a comprehensive report on the IDEF5 ontology capture method. Section 2 of the report provides a detailed discussion of the conceptual foundations of IDEF5. It begins by tracing the roots of ontological inquiry, with respect to engineering and manufacturing, to the classical philosophical tradition — also known as “ontology” — of characterizing and classifying what ultimately exists. From this tradition springs the central concepts of ontology: kinds (roughly, classes or types), properties, attributes, relations, parts and wholes, and processes. Most of Section 2 is devoted to explicating and relating these concepts. The section closes with a discussion of the need for a separate ontology method distinct from existing methods. (The relation of the ontology capture method with existing IDEF methods is discussed in Subsection 1.3.) Section 3 provides a practical method for the construction of ontologies. Ontology development requires extensive iterations, discussions, reviews, and introspection. Knowledge extraction is usually a discovery process and requires considerable introspection. It requires a process that incorporates both significant expert involvement as well as the dynamics of a group effort. Given the open-ended nature of ontological analyses, it is not prudent to adopt a “cookbook” approach to ontology development. We recommend the use of a general procedure along with a set of useful guidelines. Section 3 describes the mechanics of such a process for potential IDEF5 ontology developers. In brief, the IDEF5 ontology development process consists of the following five activities. 1. Organizing and ScopingThis activity involves establishing the purpose, viewpoint, and context for the ontology development project and assigning roles to the team members. 2. Data CollectionThis activity involves acquiring the raw data needed for ontology development. 3. Data AnalysisThis activity involves analyzing the data to facilitate ontology extraction. 4. Initial Ontology DevelopmentThis activity involves developing a preliminary ontology from the acquired data. 5. Ontology Refinement and ValidationThis activity involves refining and validating the ontology to complete the development process. Although the above activities are listed sequentially, there is a significant amount of overlap and iteration between the activities. These activities, and their interconnections, are described in detail in Section 3. Section 4 contains a description of the IDEF5 ontology languages. There are two such languages: the IDEF5 schematic language and the IDEF5 elaboration language. The schematic language is a graphical language that has been specially tailored to enable domain experts to express the most common forms of ontological information, especially with the aid of an automated ontology capture tool. This enables average users both to input the basic information needed for a first-cut ontology and to augment or revise existing ontologies with new information. There is a price for the relative ease of use of the schematic language, viz., that it lacks the full expressive power needed to capture general ontology information. To capture such information is the purpose of the IDEF elaboration language. The elaboration language is a structured text language with the full expressive power of first-order logic and set theory. This enables a user to express virtually any condition, or relation, or fact that one might need to express to characterize a given kind of thing, or property, or relation, or process found in a domain. In addition to set theoretic constructs, the language also includes specialized constructs for expressing ontology information in the particular format of IDEF5. This makes for easy translation from the schematic language into the elaboration language, and vice versa, insofar as that is possible. Finally, the report concludes with two appendices. The first is the (current) IDEF5 relation library of reusable ontology elements. This library is a rich repository of information consisting of a set of characterizations of (i.e., definitions and axioms for) commonly used relations. It provides a repository of formally defined and characterized relations that can be reused and customized in a particular project. The relation library itself is a specialized ontology: an ontology of commonly used relations. The motivation for this library grew out of the previously mentioned analogy with software engineering. Often in software development, the same kinds of routines are used again and again in different programs by (in general) different programmers. The development of ontologies will face the same sort of problem. It is likely that the same or similar relations will appear in a number of different ontologies. The role of a library of relations such as the one presented in Appendix A will be to enable modelers to reuse and customize relations that have been defined in previously captured ontologies. The library can also be used as a reference for the different ways to define and characterize relations and illustrative examples of the use of the IDEF5 elaboration language. All definitions and characterizing axioms in the library have been written using the IDEF5 elaboration language. Thus, the library can also serve as a useful learning tool for mastering the IDEF5 elaboration language. Finally, the library is extensible in that any relation that has been formally defined and characterized may be added to it. The second appendix consists of the BNF specification of the IDEF5 elaboration language to ensure that the language is well-defined. A glossary for the report follows this appendix.
|
||||||||
|