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Adverbial clauses of result

Adverbial clauses of result denote the result of the action expressed in the principal clause. Very often adverbial clauses of this type have an additional meaning of degree.

Adverbial clauses of pure result are introduced by the conjunction so that andthat; they are usually separated from the principal clause by a comma.

A great storm had brought the sea right into the house, so that they had been forced to make their escape by a window at the back.

Adverbial clauses of result with an additional meaning of degree are introduced by the conjunction that; in these cases we find the adverb so or the demonstrative pronoun such in the principal clause. Such clauses are not separated from the principal clause by a comma.

The crowd was solarge that it overflowed the auditorium.

He dressed soquickly that he put his boots on the wrong feet.

Tom was in ecstasies — in such ecstasies that he even controlled his tongue and was silent.

Adverbial clauses of manner

Adverbial clauses of manner characterize actions, states, qualities, circumstances. Therefore they may have different reference. The most common conjunctions to introduce them are as and the way. In adverbial clauses of manner the idea of comparison is often implied.

Adverbial clauses of manner may have different reference:

1. Adverbial clauses of manner may modify the predicate of the main clause by attributing some quality to it.

I’m sorry I talked the way I did at lunch.

She cooks the turkey exactly as my mother did.

He could do it as no one else could have done.

2. They may refer to attributes or predicatives characterizing a state or quality of a person or non-person.

Astonished, as one could be in such circumstances, he didn’t give a sign of it.

He was puzzled by the situation, as one could easily be in his place.

3. They may refer to an adverbial modifier, giving additional information or explanation concerning it.

He said it with contempt, as a grown-up serious man should treat such views.

In the second and the third case the connection between the clauses is rather loose, and the subordinate clause is generally set off by commas.

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