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Criteria classification

Vinogradov –> Russian grammar

Smirnitsky, Ilyish –> English grammar

There are three principles on which the classification is based: meaning: the meaning common to all the words of a given class and constituting its essence.e.g. thingness of nouns process of verbs form: the morphological characteristics of a type of word e.g. noun is characterized by the category of number prepositions, conjunctions and others are characterized by invariability function: the syntactical properties of a type of word the method of combining with other words (deals with phrases) & its function in the sentence (deals with sentences)

Typical types of combinability

1) Left-hand ;prepositional connection with another noun or an adj, an adv: an enterance to the house, the turn round the corner;

2) casal combinability

3) contact combinability (typically English) The prepositional component plays the role of semantic qualifier. Such items take intermediary position between a noun phrase & compound nouns.

4) combinability with the article.

Morphological categories can be divided into

1) semantic – reflect the objective characteristics of the reference: number. They are dominational & universal, they can be found in different languages.

2) relational – show the relations between the word-form in a sentence. They are subordinate & depend on the grammatical structure of the given language

Formal morphological criteria

Grammatical categories:

• Noun — number, case, gender, determination;

• Verb — person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood;

• adjective — degrees of comparison

Derivational patterns:

• Noun — -er, -ness, -ship, -ment, etc.

• Verb — -ize, -ate, -en, -ify, etc.

• Adj — -able, -ic, -al, -ous, -ant, -ish, -ful, etc.

Limitations of morphological criteria:

Grammatical categories —

unchangeable words: adverbs, numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions

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