Criteria applied to formal / functional parts of speech
• Categorial meaning:
Article — specification of the noun;
Preposition— relations between Ns and other wds;
Conjunction — connection of wds and phrases;
Interjection — expressing emotions;
Particle— specification and limitation of meaning
• Syntactic characteristics (combinability)
PRONOUN
• Pronouns have no referential meaning. Their lexico-grammatical meaning is deixis — indication, pointing to things and properties.
• The morphological and syntactic criteria – are different in different subgroups of pronoun.
• Noun pronouns (personal, indefinite, absolute possessive) and adjective pronouns (demonstrative, relative, conjoint possessive, indefinite).
I. OPEN-CLASS NOTIONAL WORDS
• Content words:names of substances (Nouns), processes (Verbs) and properties (Adjectives & Adverbs);
• Autonomous and autosemantic;
Constitute over 90 per cent of vocabulary.
II. CLOSED-SYSTEM PRO-WORDS (structural: intermediary between notional and functional):
• Pronouns — function like / instead of nouns or adjectives;
• pronominal adverbs (here,there, now, then) — deictic meaning;
• numerals— function like nouns (cardinal)or adjectives (ordinal).
III. CLOSED-SYSTEM FUNCTIONAL WORDS (synsemantic and syntagmatic)
• Meaning: semi-notional;
• Combinability: obligatory;
• Syntactic function: linkers / connectors (Prp, Conj) or specifyers (Art, Particle, etc.)
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