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THE INFINITIVE

• dual lexico-grammatical meaning of an action presented as a substance;

• can combine with the ‘particle’ to;

• the categories of Voice, Aspect, Order:

to write – to be written

to write – to be writing

to write – to have written

• combinability:

- verb-like: N+Inf, Inf+N, Inf+Av

- noun-like:Inf+Vb, Vb+Inf, Link+Inf

- with modal verbs

- auxiliary verbs (to build analytical forms).

• syntactic functions of the Subject, Object, Predicative (Subject Complement), Attribute, Adverbial.

The word morpheme (auxiliary) to:

• does not possess the lexico-grammatical meaning of emphatic specification;

• has no lexical meaning;

• combines only with the Infinitive.

• can represent the whole analytical form:

Will you go? – I shall.

- I want to.

• can be separated from the Infinitive (split Infinitive):

Time has come to strongly condemn …

Forms of Infinitive
(V.Ya. Plotkin)

• to+Infinitive – an analytical form (the marked Infinitive)

• is closer to the nominal parts of speech (performs the syntactic functions of the noun)

• Bare Infinitive / Semifinitive(полуинфинитив)

• functionally closer to the finite forms (it does not perform the syntactic function typical of the nominal parts of speech)

• functions as part of a modal predicate

The Gerund is a non-finite form of the V which like the inf combines the properties of the V with those of the N & primarily serves as a verbal name of the process. It’s characterized by the categories of order (asking – having asked) & voice (being asked). The theoretical problem – half G – is related to ing-form in general.

THE GERUND

• dual lexico-grammatical meaning of an action represented as a substance;

• formed by the group morpheme –ing;

• has the categories of Voiceand Order:

reading – being read

reading – having read

reading – having been read

• combinability

verb-like: G+Av, N+G, G+N;

noun-like: Prp+G, Poss+G, Vb+G, G+Vb

• syntactic functions of the Subject, Object, Predicative, Attribute, Adverbial.

The Infinitive and the Gerund Compared

Infinitive

• closer to the verb;

• was drawn into the verbal system much earlier than the Gerund: lost many of its nominal features and acquired more verbal features:

• possesses a peculiar modal force :

– This is a kind of world to be desired by all (that should be desired).

-- the exercise to be done (that must be done).

Gerund

• closer to the noun

• combines with Prp, N’s and Possessive Prns, the negative prn no (There is no pleasing you);

• less oriented to the doer of the action:

- I like singing (who sings?)

- I like to sing (I sing)

The Present Participle (P I) is a non-finite form of the V, combines the properties of a V with an adj\adv. It serves as a qualifying prossesual name. Its outer form – plane of expression – is homogeneous with the G ending –ing & distinguishing the same grammatical category of order, voice. It may combine with a N, proN as direct, indirect, prepositional Obj. It may also combine with an adverb or a prepositional phrase as an advl modifier, or with a N or adjective as a predicative. G & PI. Meaning: G – a verbal name of a process, is N-related; PI – a qualifying processual name. It’s adj\adv-related. Substitution: G is backed up by question procedure (what?) PI → adj\adv speaking names = vivid. Coordinative connection: G – with Ns, PI - with qualitative adj\stative. Conversion: G – the nounal conversion, PI – adjectival conversion. Different lexical combinability – for the G & PI of some Vs (a dancing hall\girl). Cases of categorical ambiguity – a swimming instructor.

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