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PARTICIPLE II

• dual lexico-grammatical meaning of process presented as property of a substance;

• formed by the group suffixes –ed and –en or sound interchange;

• has no paradigm;

• possesses the meanings of passivity and perfectness (depend on the lexical character of the verb and consequently should be regarded as lexico-grammatical rather than grammatical meanings).

• Verb transitive passive terminative perfect

• written ++ + +

• loved+ + – –

• retired – – + +

• lived – – – –

• Participles II of intransitive verbs are rarely used outside analytical forms. They are mostly used as attributes: faded photographs, fallenleaves, retired officer, withered flower etc.

The category of representation (Finitute). Unlike finite forms Vls are unable to express predicative meanings of time & mood as they have no corresponding categories of tense & mood. But they can be used as central elements of semi-predicative complexes. The structure of these complexes can be compared with the structure of the S nucleus: nominal part + verbal part. Secondary (semi-predicative) means that the situation named by these complexes is not related to reality directly. It is related to some t indirectly through primary predication expressed by the finite form of the V. It’s evident that the 2 subparadigms are opposed both morphologically & synthetically. All finite forms (s) ÷all non-finite forms (w). This opposition reveals the category of representation (Finitude). The differential feature is constituted by the expression of verbal time & mood. (that’s a Predicativity). The members of the opposition are contrasted as predicative & non-predicative. Predicative are marked morphologically through the forms of tense, mood, person & number (so they are strong members) This form represents purely verbal representation. Non-predicative forms are unmarked. They demonstrate 2 types of verbal Predicativity: substantive representation (inf & G) & adjectival representation (PI &PII). Non-finite forms are language specific. They can be referred to as language economy device as we can expand the S using them. The question arises whether verbals should be included in the class of verb? Whether they should be considered as a separate part of speech? They should be included: 1.every stem takes finite and non-finite forms of the verb; 2. othersimilarities can be observed when applying; 3. Criteria Principle: a. processual meaning; b. they have some of the verbal grammatical categories : voice, phase, aspect; c. many of the w-building means are used in the non-finite forms; d. the syntactic functions are different e. the combinability is similar. Non-finite forms do not belong to the class of verbs, but they form a subclass of its own, because they have some specific features. The differences able to speak about the category of finitude which is built on the opposition of finite/non-finite forms.

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