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Classic philosophy about the origin of man and his essence.

BEING OF MAN, AS PROBLEM OF PHILOSOPHY.

Origin of man.

Classic philosophy about the origin of man and his essence.

3. Man in a situation.

I-1. Contradiction between the environment and biological maladjustment of our ancestors to it was settled by the start of self-birthing of man and society.

I-1 (4). See a large triangle point 4. Human consumption changes: it breaks through biological scopes. A fox and hare will be never able to exchange by necessities. At man the «satisfied first necessity, action of satisfaction... conduce to new necessities, and this generation of new necessities is the first history act».

I-1 (6). A LANGUAGE is formed as the mean of organization of the united human actions, storage and transfer of information. Language (human) – it is the special, sign-symbolic system of intercourse and material perceptibly perceived shell of thought.

II- 0. Nature of anything – it is the aggregate of the most typical properties inherent to any individual.

Essence – is maintenance, deep fundamental elements.

So: man is the special phenomenon. Essence of man – it is the problem of human in man, of human beginning with the loss of which all is lost. Essence of man – is a secret, a great deal has not here explored yet.

That is good in the study of things, does not work in the study of man. Here it is needed to communicate with man. In things, objects we look for similar, and in man we look for individual, special, personal.

II-1. The first model isnaturalisticmodel of man and societies and there are naturalistic answers. Ancient philosophers : a man is perceptible-material space. In France in the XVII-XVIII c.: man is part of nature, he submits to all its laws. Therefore a man aspires to pleasures and avoids suffering (Z. Freud). Naturalistic interpretation has any defects. But on its basis the ethics of reasonable egoism developed.

II-2. The second model is idealistic. Spiritual capabilities are in its center: the Divine presence in world passes through man, he is endowed with a mind; morality, «humaneness», the greatest and divine in man – it is ability to pity and forgive; man doesn’t reduced to the organism structure, to the functions, - subjectivity, activity, spirit are main in man.

II-3. The third model is dualistic (Dekart, Leybnits, and also physiologists): Parallelism (independent existence), autonomy of psyche and physiology, SOUL and BODY + also extreme position: antagonism of corporal (sinful, low, animal) being and spiritual (light, high).

II-4 a). H/T: correlation between biologicaland social in man (on the Frolov’s textbook, part II; Kohanovsky, P. V, p. 5; Kalashnikov, theme 2, P. 17 -, new Spirkin, Nadolniy – theme 16).

II-4 b) In the process of individual development (biography) the biological is «cultivated» (is socialized and is humanized).H/T: to make examples, illustrations to the this position.

II-5. Being of man differs from being of animal in quality.

Although a «mind is weaker than instincts» (A. Bergson) and “man is anomalous animal» (F. Nitsshe) , but man brought under the control more of processes and phenomena of world, than any biological kind. A man is affiliate in structured history space. The life of ant-hill can be more expedient, but it deprived of sense. Kassirer E.: A «man lives not only in more rich, but also in quality another world. An animal reacts on external stimuli. Any reaction at man is operated on thought. He lives not only in physical, but also in symbolic reality, in space of symbols, in a human culture. This space of symbolsforms a network round man. He acts, experiences, reacts on the events of the life, coming from the system of coordinates of this symbolic Universe».

II-6. I personally consider very heuristic the thought of V. Frankl:«A man is the product of heredity or environment at least. They are the field of his possibilities. A man, in final analysis, decides himself for himself... Although, becoming a man, he remains in something an animal or plant. It is possible to compare a man by an airplane, which is able to move on a surface like a car. True, to prove that he is an airplane, he can, only torn off from earth and rising in air».

II-7. Thus social (general) norms anew adopted by everybody in the process of individual life. It actually doesa man by man.

II-8. I. Kant, differentiating natural and spiritual in an, underlined: «man among the natural phenomena – is higher level of expedience, but his reasons are not already taken to the natural laws. His existencehas higher aim in himself». Famous categorical imperative, ethics of Kant, concentrated his humanism ideas: «never behave to another man or to yourself as to the mean».

II-9. Exceptional of man among the forms of being consists not in the special advantages of the evolutional developed corporal organization (naturalism) and not in world out looking self-importance (A man – is a top of the universe, “I” – “creates world” by I. Fihte), and in position of subject of practical and spiritual activity. It is position of Historyin relation to Nature.

II-10 (1). Every individual has certain general universal capabilities and can realize them out in the life, if there will be the suitable conditions. These general universal capabilities are such: - communication by symbols;

- conceptual thought by some rule;

- activity carried out by new and new methods;

- choice not determinative mechanically;

- production of new and new objects;

- life in stable, harmonious communities, guided by the accepted rules.In a norm there are only positive qualities/ is POSITIVE. From birth (initially) man has potential of good, mind, justice, he can be comprehensively and harmonically developed. Although many thinkers added negative lines, but they/ NEGATIVE was/ were considered the result of influencing of environment or another external evil spell.

III-1. MAN PRACTICAL. III.1-1. Marxism

III.1-2. Second flow is voluntarism and «philosophy of life»(A. Shopengauer, F. Nitsshe): motive force of all – is irrational will. Shopengauer differs volitionalact (wanting) and act of consciousness (wish). It is possible to wish opposite things, and to want – only one of them. What exactly? What do you want? It opens up to consciousness first the acting only. Freedom of will – there is freedom of choice... there is act became aware of only afterwards, “when we make – we will understand».

«minus» of voluntarism: its freedom – it is freedom «from». From hindrances on way to the purpose, from obstacles for will. F. Nitsshe yet more narrowed notion of freedom of will, taking it to thirst of power.

III.1-3. Pragmatism (D. Dyui, T. Piers, W. James): benefit, success are main. It is necessary to be flexible, adaptive, effectively to use all present facilities for achievement of purpose. Schools of practical psychology are busy on teaching to skills of such behavior. Pragmatism became the doctrine of business and way of life in USA of the ХХ c. Another name - D. Carnegie.

Criticisms of pragmatism consider erroneous extreme individualism and locking (“shorting”) of man on himself. “Existence which sees an aim in itself gets wide of the aim, like a boomerang which goes back into the hands of hunter, if he missed». But aim of throw of boomerang - is to stagger a prey, instead of get back to the owner”. The man concentrated only on own appetencies and desires early or late will left with nothing.

It is not enough practical action itself, it is necessary yet, that in this action there was sense. And not all man is incarnated in practical activity, in available being. Another method of his relation to world is contemplation, is thought, experiencing, the object of which World can be, concrete object, man himself and his relation can be.

III.-2. MAN UNDERSTANDING. III.-2–1.K. Yaspers (religious existentialist) writes: «man – is creature, which not only eats, but also knows, what he eats. Sure in his own forces, he studies surrounding world and changes it on a certain plan... Man – is SPIRIT. Situation of authentic man – is spiritual situation» .

But there is a difference. Greater part of philosophers of the XIX – XX c. don’t reduce the spiritual life of man to the mind, and even quite contrast a mind to other methods of perception and understanding of world and yourself: unconscious, intuitions, hermeneutics’ «feelings into» or «phenomenology reduction».

III-2-2. Max Sheler, a personalist, in the work «Statute of man in Space» speaks: «main function of spirit is to experience reality and say to it “not”, existentially not to rely on limited, from the compulsion, from existence. A man can build the ideal world of thought above the world of the perception, to free for spirit dozyenergy ofhis motives - into spiritual activity».

Martin Haidegger (existentialism, phenomenology, hermeneutics) : A «man does not consist of... He «can», can be all and give oneself upto all through his own presence. I am often busy not to my own... But I have possibilityto go out «from not my» (i.e. not authentic being), from stranger, from not my life, I have possibility not to do, as all people».

III-2-3. The E. Gusserl’s words: a man can be examined as a text: at I level we perceive ourselves as a text which are read by another (as object of education, of management); at II levelby the acts and words a man writes/ we write/ the text of own life (personal history), thus the actual and mythological unite in it; at III level a man reads/ we read/ and understands sense of being, we can correct and interpret a text, here own life acquires a space tint, we enter into Dialog with world.

For understanding the sense of events, for understanding essence of problems and vital situations it is necessary to enter in unprejudiced, unpreconceived, spontaneous perception (to open out to world),it is necessaryto wish to understand. Former experience, prejudices, automatism of thought, ambitions and self-importance interfere to perception of new.

III-3. MAN PLAYING. III-3-1. Everybody gets on merits. Richard Bah, a thinker and writer, is convinced: «I am sure, that there isn’t injustice. We write: Events which we attract in our life, what unpleasant they were, needed in order for we learned to that to what we have to learn. We create the problems to ourselves, to check up own forces on them... If at me there were no these problems, another problems, same urgent and difficult would appear”. H/T: comments!

III-3-2. Life as a game, as test of forces, as field of creation and freedom, enables to show and 1) to develop the uniqueness. Another sense of game – is 2) teaching, acquisition of experience, skills, abilities, knowledge. Games of children of 3-6 years in «daughters-mothers» are preparation to the family roles, to understanding of sense of being and interrelations of people.

There are a lot of classifications of games. We will use classification offered by K. Sygov. Metaphysical games are dispute with Fate, fight against Fate, Fatum, with that what is intended and is seeming inevitable.

The social (role) games are the sphere of public relations. Both sport, competition and collaboration, are present here. Executing social, family and professional roles, we fill them with individual sense, that allows us to realize our uniqueness.

The psychological games are widespread in the field of interpersonal attitudes. The game is one of forms of intercourse and interaction – it contains unrealized models, scenarios which we prefer and are realizing. E. Bern. Attitude toward life as to game enables to man to be glad to creationand quietly adopt the blows of fate.

III-3-3. A. Portman wrote: «man is the special creature, to whom permanent freedom of decision-making is incident (to), regardless of any vitalcircumstances. This freedom includes possibility to be both by inhuman and by saint person».

Exactly possibility to become another, and also decide, which exactly, brings us over to another variety of game – the game with ourselves. The game with oneself consists of overcoming of the attained level, it is way out - in «impossible», for limits, including overcoming of oneself (habits, laziness, weaknesses etc.).

III-3-4.Indeed, each of us has the RANGE of status and levels - bodily, power, informative, intellectual, in which person SETTLES HIMSELF to EXIST (see the picture 1). This personal range plays guarding function. As soon as in the vital functions a man approaches to its scopes, the protective mechanisms of psyche work: “I can not”, “I do not want”, “I will not be”, “It is uninteresting to me”; or «it is not necessary (harmful) to me» and etc. Man can even become ill. Only the over-stress states or extraordinary circumstances can move apart these scopes and compel a man to extend his possibilities. Secret is in that the personal (individual) range always is far more narrow than real range. We are capable on considerably greater, than we allow to ourselves and live... (pic. 2) .

A word «development» has in German language also meaning «the untwistingof convolute». To let down a spring, retentive potential of our development, to go out on new levels of being, in other methods and posing, to make to attempt to live in another way, than before – it is the sense of game with yourself.

III-3-5. Essence of man is actualization of his nature (bio-psycho-social), concrete-history realization of potencies of his nature. It is understanding creative transformation of world and himself, based on material production in the history concrete public relations.

<== попередня сторінка	\|	наступна сторінка ==>
Descriptive economics	\|	III. Forms of address

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