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A) Skim the text, trying to understand what it is about. It is good if you can read it for 00 minutes (90 words per minute).

TEXT 13B MANAGEMENT All organisations, whether small or large, have to be managed

Management means the planning, controlling, directing and co­ordinating of various ideas, activities and programmes in order to achieve a stated objective.

impossible to remedy. The controls should therefore be carefully planned so that they spot-light the problems which are likely to arise. Also, they should take place regularly.

There are several different types of control. Some can be measured in specific 'quantity' terms. With these, an actual figure proposed m the plan (often known as the budgeted or standard figure) can be compared with the figure actually achieved. For example, the planned quantity of raw material expected to be used, together with its anticipated cost, can be compared with the actual quantity used and the actual cost. Similarly, the 'standard' (i.e. anticipated) wage rates and the time a job is expected to take can be compared with the actual.

B) Answer the following questions.

1) What are the main functions of management?

2) What kind of plans are usually designed?

3) What charts reflect the structure of an organisation?

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