• Гідрологія і Гідрометрія
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• Економічна теорія
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• Медична радіологія
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• Міжнародний маркетинг
• Основи екології
• Предмет Політологія
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• Технічні засоби організації дорожнього руху
• Товарознавство продовольчих товарів

D). Intonation.

GA intonation differs from RP intonation mainly in unemphatic, or emotionally neutral speech. The English speech for Americans sounds “affected” and “pretentious” or “sophisticated”. And for the English Americans sound “dull”, “monotonous”, “indifferent”. The monotony of GA intonation is explained by the following factors:

1) pitch characteristics (since pre-nuclear contour in RP is gradually descending in GA it is mid-level);

2) narrow range of the utterance (in GA the voice doesn’t fall to the bottom);

3) stow tempo;

4) complicated rhythmical structure of intonation (the unstressed syllables in RP gradually descend, the unstressed syllables in GA fall to a lower pitch, besides RP unstressed vowels are characterized by qualitative reduction, while GA sounds in unstressed syllables are lengthened).

GA general questions take a falling tone, in RP they are pronounced with the rising tone. The rising tone in GA general question is used to show politeness. Requests and leave-takings in RP are usually pronounced with a Rise, whereas in GA they may take a Fall-Rise.

Assignment

Discuss the following questions

1. Standard pronunciation of English and its development.

2. The principle types of Received Pronunciation.

3. National variants of Standard English pronunciation.

4. Regional variants of Standard English pronunciation.

5. The main types of American pronunciation. General American Pronunciation.

6. Received and General American Pronunciation in comparison:

b) differences within the consonantal system;

c) differences within the vocalic system;

d) differences within the accentual system;

e) differences within the intonational system.

5. The application of the knowledge about the types of English pronunciation in teaching.

Comment on the following terms

1. Standard, orthoepy, dialect, accent, dialectology, standard national pronunciation (orthoepic norm, orthoepic standard, literary pronunciation)

2. Standard English pronunciation, Southern English pronunciation, Public School pronunciation, Received English pronunciation (RP), conservative RP, general RP, advanced RP, near-RP Southern, General American pronunciation

3. National variant of Standard pronunciation, Regional variant of Standard pronunciation, local dialectal variant, social dialect, idiolect.

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