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Assignment

Discuss the following questions

4. Main trends in the Phoneme Theory:

a) mentalistic or psychological view;

b) functional view;

c) abstract view;

d) physical view;

E) populational view.

5. The Kazan School of linguistics. I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay:

a) the morphological approach to the phoneme;

B) the psychological approach to the phoneme.

6. The St. Petersburg (Leningrad) School of linguistics. L.V. Shcherba:

a) the pre-Revolutionary period in Shcherba’s work;

b) the post Revolutionary period in Shcherba’s work;

C) the development of Shcherba’s views by L.R. Zinder.

7. The Moscow School of linguistics:

a) the morphological approach to the phoneme. R.I. Avanessov;

B) the cybernetic approach to the phoneme. S.K. Showmyan.

Ferdinand de Saussure and his influence on foreign schools of linguistics.

9. The Prague School of linguistics. N.S. Trubetzkoy:

a) the separation of phonology from phonetics;

b) the theory of phonological oppositions;

C) the theory of the arch phoneme.

The London School of linguistics. D. Jones.

The American School of linguistics. L. Bloomfield, W. Twaddel.

The Copenhagen School of linguistics. L. Hjelmslev.

Fill the following table with the required contents using the material from the lectures and textbooks

Match the definition of the phoneme with its originator and comment on it. (Mind that there can be several definitions belonging to one and the same Linguist as well as the names of phoneticians whose definitions are not mentioned)

1. A phoneme is a family of sounds in a given language, which are related in character and are used in such a way that no one member ever occurs in a word in the same phonetic context as any other member.

2. The phoneme is a unity of phonologically relevant features.

3. The phoneme is a complex perception of the articulatory movements and of the muscular sensations connected with them together with the resulting acoustic impressions, all of which react on mind simultaneously.

4. The phoneme is a minimum unit of distinctive features.

5. The phonemes are sound types, limited in number which are capable of distinguishing the meaning and the form of words, thus serving the purpose of social intercourse.

6. The phoneme is the sum of acoustic impressions and of articulatory movements, of that which is pronounced both mutually dependent.

7. The phoneme is something that produces alternation.

8. A phoneme may be described roughly as the family of sounds consisting of an important sound of the language (i.e. the most frequently used member of the family) together with other related sounds that take its place in particular sound-sequences or under particular conditions of length or stress.

9. The phoneme is the shortest generic phonetical perception in a given language capable of being associated with semantic perceptions, of distinguishing words, and of being easily isolated from a word.

a) J.A. Baudouin de Courtenay

b) L.V. Shcherba

c) L.R. Zinder

d) R.I. Avanessov

e) Ferdinand de Saussure

f) N.S. Trubetzkoy

g) D. Jones

h) L. Bloomfield

i) L. Hjelmslev

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