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EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

5. The subject matter of phonetics. The contribution of Russian and foreign linguists into the development of phonetics as a linguistic science.

6. The connection of phonetics with other branches of linguistics.

7. General and special phonetics and their interconnection. Historical, descriptive and comparative phonetics as branches of special phonetics.

8. Four aspects of speech sounds. Branches of phonetics based on these aspects and their connection with non linguistic sciences.

9. Methods and instruments of phonetic investigation.

10. Main trends in the phoneme theory

11. The Kazan school of linguistics and its contribution to the development of the phoneme theory.

12. The Leningrad school of linguistics and its contribution to the development of the phoneme theory

13. The Moscow school of linguistics and its contribution to the development of the phoneme theory.

14. The Prague school of linguistics and its contribution to the development of the phoneme theory.

15. The London school of linguistics and its contribution to the development of the phoneme theory.

16. The American school of linguistics and its contribution to the development of the phoneme theory.

17. The definition and characteristics of the phoneme as a unity of three aspects.

18. Phonemic variants and their classification Modification of English vowels in connected speech.

19. Phonemic variants and their classification Modification of English consonants in connected speech.

20. Relevant and irrelevant features of phonemic variants. The invariant. Allophones and phones.

21. Distribution of phonemes. Phonemic oppositions.

22. Classificatory principles of English consonants as the basis for the phonological oppositions in the system of English consonant phonemes.

23. Classificatory principles of English vowels as the basis for the phonological oppositions in the system of English vowel phonemes.

24. Differences in articulation basis of English and Russian vowel and consonant phonemes.

25. The definition general characteristics and structure of syllables.

26. The definition of the syllable. General principles of classification of syllables. Types of syllables.

27. The definition of the syllable. Functional characteristics of syllables.

28. The definition of the syllable. The expiratory theory of syllable formation.

29. The definition of the syllable. The relative sonority theory of syllable formation.

30. The definition of the syllable. The muscular tension theory of syllable formation.

31. The definition of the syllable. The three types of consonant theory of syllable division.

32. The definition of the syllable. The loudness theory of syllable formation.

33. The definition and general characteristics of word-stress. Terms synonymous to stress.

34. The definition of word-stress. The classification of word-stress according to its relevant features.

35. The definition of word-stress. The classification of word-stress according to its position.

36. The definition of word-stress. The degrees of word-stress.

37. The definition of word-stress. Accentuation tendencies of English.

38. The definition of word-stress. Functional characteristics of word-stress.

39. The definition if intonation. Voice tambre and temporal characteristics of intonation.

40. The definition of intonation. Speech melody as a component of English intonation.

41. The definition of intonation. Sentence stress as a component of English intonation.

42. The definition of intonation. Rhythm as a component of English intonation.

43. The definition of intonation. Functional characteristics of intonation.

44. The definition of intonation. Unemphatic and emphatic intonation.

45. The definition of a syntagm and its general characteristics.

46. The definition of a syntagm The head, pre-head, tail as elements of a syntagm.

47. The nucleus of a syntagm. The principle nuclear tones in English.

48. Standard pronunciation of English and its regional variants. Received Pronunciation and non-RP dialects.

49. National variants of English pronunciation. The main types of American pronunciation.

50. The main differences between Received Pronunciation and General American pronunciation.

Examination Terminology

Topic: Phonetics as a branch of linguistics. General phonetics, special phonetics, historical phonetics, descriptive phonetics, articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, phonology, comparative phonetics, segmental phonetics, suprasegmental phonetics, sociophonetics, palatography, x-ray photography(cinematography), laryngoscopy, oscillography, spectrography, kymography, intonography, distributional analysis, articulation.

Topic: Phoneme as a unit of the phonological level. Phoneme, phonemic variant, invariant, phone, distribution of the phoneme, complementary distribution, contrastive distribution, phonological opposition, relevant articulatory features, irrelevant articulatory features, free variation.

Topic: English vowel and consonant phonemes in the phonological system.Monophthong, diphthong, sonorant, voiced consonant, voiceless consonant, occlusive consonant, constrictive consonant, affricate, lateral sonorant, nasal consonant, bilabial consonant, labiodental consonant, interdental consonant, alveolar consonant, post-alveolar consonant, palato-alveolar consonant, velar consonant, mediolingual consonant, pharyngal consonant, reduction, qualitative reduction, quantitative reduction, zero reduction, accommodation, assimilation, complete assimilation, partial assimilation, intermediate assimilation, regressive assimilation, progressive assimilation, reciprocal assimilation.

Topic: The syllabic structure of English. Syllable, syllabic phoneme, fully-open syllable, fully-closed syllable, initially-covered syllable, finally-covered syllable, syllabograph, the valley of prominence, slope.

Topic: The accentual structure of English. Word-stress, stress pattern, accenteme, fixed word-stress, free word-stress, constant stress, shifting stress, unrestricted recessive accentuation tendency, restricted recessive accentuation tendency, historically rhythmical accentuation tendency, synchronically rhythmical accentuation tendency, retentive accentuation tendency.

Topic: English Intonation. Intonation, speech melody, pitch direction, pitch level, pitch range, sentence stress, syntagmatic stress, syntactic stress, logical stress, emphatic stress, tambre, tempo, rhythm, stress group, proclitics, enclitics, syntactic pause, emphatic pause, hesitation pause, syntagm, pre-head, head, nucleus, communicative center, tail.

Topic. The principal types of English pronunciation.Dialectology, dialect, standard, idiolect, orthoepy, received pronunciation, regional variant of standard, social dialect.

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