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B) Syntagmatics and paradigmatics

A) Language and speech

Nowadays linguistics distinguishes between 2 phenomenon Language and Speech. Before Saussure these 2 spheres were not distinguished.

In brief language is a system of means of expression.It includes units of different levels and these levels aren’t equal. That’s why 1)Language is called hierarchical. Language can also be regarded as a common source that all speakers use in order to express ideas. Language is one for all.2) so we can call it social by nature. 3) Language exists in our mind as some knowledge. That’s why Language is abstract.

Speech on the contrary is individual. It’s created by some definite speaker. It can be incorrect. We perceive speech by our organs of perception. That’s why it should be called concrete or material. Structurally speech is organized as chain (linear(horizontal)) (The way we write.)

These 3 distinguish prove that Language and Speech shouldn’t be mixed.

The above mentioned oppositions of Language and Speech give rise to anoher one.

Syntagmatics (Syn) and Paradigmatics (Par). Any system includes not only elements but some relations between them.

Relations between units in language are called paradigmatics one. They are abstract and based on associations. So these relations underline all classifications. The can be observed on all languages levels.

(e.g. Phonetic level. Relations between vowels and consonants. We know that they are different. But there are some distinguish that are connected. How can we speak about vowels if we don’t know consonants?

If we go further we can see relations between monophthongs and diphthongs. In consonants- voiced and voiceless. On the morpheme level- relations between different types of morphemes. If we say this is an affix, then we can find another type of morphemes- root. Lexical level- group of nouns naming colors. On the grammatical level- speech division. )

Syntagmatics relations exist in speech. They are linear and also occur in units of different levels. (On the level of phonology- assimilation and dissimilation. On the morpheme level- agglutination- склеивание.Lexical level words in every sentence are related.) In fact there are no language level that can be free from syntagmatical relations. This term was bored from the word “syntagma”- is the language units. It can be composed to the wordical group. It’s not a holistic. Not the whole sentence but if the word group is a language unit a syntagma isn’t. A Syntagma occurs in every sentence. It’s intonation and grammatical unity.

(e.g. At the university students read,\ write,\ and\ translate texts. Every part of the sentence after which we can used (\) is a separate syntagma. The criteria of singling out these syntagmas- meaning, phonetic arrangement.)

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