Replacements

The substitution of parts of speech is a common and most important type of replacements. Every word functions in the language as a member of a certain grammatical clause, that is, as a distinct part of speech: noun, verb, adjective or adverb. But the S and T languages do not necessarily have correlated words belonging to the same grammatical class. In such cases replacements or replacements + additions are necessary, e.g.

an early bedder – людина, яка рано лягає спати;

to cutvote somebody – отримати більше голосів на виборах, ніж …

The Times wrote editorially…- У передовиці газета Таймс писала…

The adverb is translated by a noun modified by an adjective.

A frequent use of nominal and phrase predicates with the key notion expressed by a noun or an adjective often results in the replacement of a noun by a verb.

A professor of Essex University was critical of the Government social security policy.

Професор Ессекського університету критикував урядову політику соціального забезпечення.

Semantically link verbs are highly diversified. Sometimes it is hard to draw a clear demarcation line between a nominal predicate and a case of secondary predication.

The door at the end of the corridor sighed open and sighed shut again.

(G.H.Cox).

Двері у кінці коридору ледве чутно відчинилися і знову ледве чутно зачинилися.

A phrase predicate is replaced by a verbal predicate.

Adjectives derived from geographical names are usually replaced by nouns as such Ukrainianadjectives evidently tend to express some permanent characteristic trait but not a temporary one, e.g.

Chilean copper – чілійська мідна руда but Chilean atrocities – звірства в Чілі.

Degrees of comparison also sometimes cause replacements. Such adjectives in the comparative degree as more, less, higher, lower, shorter, etc. are often translated by other parts of speech.

More letter bombs have been rendered harmless.

Було знешкоджено ще кілька листів з бомбами.

Another linguistic phenomenon which frequently causes replacements in translation is the use of nouns denoting inanimate things, abstract notions, natural phenomena and parts of the body as subjects – agents of the action.

Election year opens on in America which is more divided and bitter than at any time in recent history.

Цього року відбуватимуться вибори в Америці, яка ще ніколи не була такою роз’єднаною й розлюченою.

As a matter of fact the subject in such constructions is purely formal. Actually it expresses adverbial relations of time, place, cause, etc.

Parts of the sentence often change their syntactical function in translation thus causing a complete or partial reconstruction of the sentence by means of replacements.

The White House correspondents have largely been beaten into submission by the President.

Президент брутальним натиском змусив підкоритися більшість кореспондентів при Білому Домі.

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Replacements of sentence types

<== попередня сторінка	\|	наступна сторінка ==>
Transpositions	\|	Replacements of sentence types

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