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Definition of philosophy

Philosophy and science

Solution of the question “is philosophy science?” depends on how we understand science and how we evaluate philosophy. Science is usually identified with a system of true knowledge, but it is an exagge’ration (преувеличение).

First, the foundation of any science has highly uncertain character.

Second, at the highest level of science there exists its heterogeneity (неоднородности): contradictory theories, unproven theorems, purely hypothetical constructs, paradoxes.

Third, science is a social institution, i.e., social diversity which contains people, their research roles, misconceptions (заблуждения), prejudices (предрассудки) and rumors (слухи).

Philosophy has more comprehensive (объемлющий) nature, intended to generalize the truth. Philosophy unites not only scientific, but religious, ethical, aesthetic theories and opinions.

Historical types of outlook: mythology, religion, philosophy

World outlook is a system of views on the reality and human’s place in it in a certain historic-cultural epoch.

Outlook has a definite structure: everyday and scientific knowledge, creeds (убеждения), faith, principles etc.

Outlook carries out the function of human’s knowledge of the outer world.

Outlook has two levels:

1) rational-theoretical level

2) daily and practical level

There are three historical types of outlook:

Ø Mythology

Ø Religion

Ø Philosophy

Mythology is a system of legends, in which it’s stated the understanding of the emergence and structure of the world and man as its inherent element.

Myth is the first form of cultural activity of man.

Cosmogonic myths are about the origin of the universe.

Cosmological myths are about the structure of the universe.

Religion is a faith in the supernatural substance, which is based on a strong system of moral norms and the special organization of people (sanctuary- храм).
Faith is a form of existence of religion.

Religious outlook is characterized by…

1. Symbolism (each a significant phenomenon in nature or history is regarded as a manifestation of God’s will)

2. The world is divided on the worldly and otherworldly spaces

3. Time is associated with a sacred history

So, as much it’s defined before: «Philosophy is the study of fundamental laws of the world, man and man’s place in this world»

Philosophy is focused on three key elements:

- nature,

- social life,

- human.

The question of relation between matter and consciousness is one of the main questions in philosophy

This question has two aspects:

1. What comes first: matter or consciousness? (materialists and idealists)

2. Can we cognize the world? (Gnostics and Agnostics)

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