Text B. From the History of Building

Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people live in today. In hot countries people sometimes made their homes in the trees and used leaves to protect themselves from rain or sun. In colder countries they dwelt in caves. Later people left their caves and trees and began to build houses of different materials such as mud, wood or stones.

The first houses were merely shelters built for the purpose of protecting their owners from weather and therefore were very simple – a roof to keep off the rain, and walls to keep out the wind. At the beginning there were no windows. A little later each house had its fireplace and a masonry chimney.

For many years, even centuries, houses were built without any conveniences. There was no water supply, no heating system, no electric light. Very gradually a change came about, especially in cities.

First, there was running water in kitchens, then hot water, later fully equipped bathrooms. The latest thing is air conditioning.

3. Listen to the text again and answer the following questions:

1. Where did people live many thousand years ago?

2. Was there any difference in dwellings in hot and cold countries?

3. Why did people leave their caves and trees?

4. How did the first houses look like?

5. Were there any conveniences in first houses?

6. What are modern conveniences?

7. What were the first building materials?

4. Annotate the text either in English or in Ukrainian. Use the following phrases:

The text is head-lined…

It/the text informs the reader about…

It/the text deals with…

It/the text considers the problem of...

The main idea of the text is…

It/the text describes…

It/the text gives comments on…

It/the text draws reader’s attention to…

It is pointed out that…

At the beginning/end…

Further…

The author points out/stresses/informs/considers…

The text is useful and interesting for…

Translate the text into Ukrainian.

VII. Written assignment

Using text A and B of Unit 4 write a short presentation about the development of construction industry. Summarize all the principal information.

5.	1. Housing.
2. The Engineer and Construction Industry.
3. Passive Voice[8].

I. Grammar Revision

Passive Voice

S + be + V₃

Час (Tense)	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect
Present	am S + is + V₃ are	am S + is +being + V₃ are	have S + +been + V₃ has
Past	was S + + V₃ were	was S + +being + V₃ were	S + had +been + V₃
Future	will S+ +be+V₃ shall	—	will S+ +have+been+V₃ shall

Modals with the Passive Voice.

can S + may + be + V₃ must

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<== попередня сторінка	\|	наступна сторінка ==>
V. Talking Assignments	\|	II. Vocabulary Comprehension

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