• Гідрологія і Гідрометрія
• Господарське право
• Економіка будівництва
• Економіка природокористування
• Економічна теорія
• Земельне право
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• Медична радіологія
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• Міжнародне приватне право
• Міжнародний маркетинг
• Основи екології
• Предмет Політологія
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• Технічні засоби організації дорожнього руху
• Товарознавство продовольчих товарів

From the History of Note-Taking

The Concept of Note-taking Techniques

In the light of the modern translating activity note-taking techniques may be defined as “a system” of auxiliary notes which are used by an interpreter in the process of producing different kinds of interpretation. Mainly it refers to the consecutive interpretation.

In the scientific literature this system of note-taking is defined by the following terms:

«переводческаяСКОРОПИСЬ» (accordingtoR.K. Minyar-Beloruchev)

«УНИВЕРСАЛЬНАЯ переводческая скоропись» (accordingtoA.P.Chuzhakin)

«переводческаяНОТАЦИЯ» (according to I.S. Aleksseyeva)

«переводческаяСЕМАНТОГРАФИЯ (according to E.V. Alikina)

The above mentioned terms are often used as synonyms because they denote one and the same phenomena in translation activity. However, the terms are different in their internal/inner form because they focus on different semantic aspects.

Thus, the term “скоропись” points out the high tempo of information fixation process.

The term “универсальнаяп.с.” underlines the character of the basic principles which are presented as a system and used as a system for the purpose of translation by many persons not by one individual.

The term “семантография”means that the process of information fixation is more oriented at the semantic and content form of utterances than at the language form of utterances.

The scientist I.S. Aleksseyevawho is dealing with Russian-German interpretation uses the term “переводческаянотация”.In fact this word is a synonym of the term “скоропись” derived from its German equivalent “Notizentechnik”.

Admitting the role of all the terms discussed today, we will use in our everyday activity the most traditional term “переводческаяскоропись”in Russian or “note-taking” in English. Therefore, the subject I teach is called “Техникапереводческойзаписи”in Russian or “Note-taking techniques” in English.

Lecture 2

Note-taking in the form of a system of information fixation in interpretation exists for about a century. The history of note-taking is described in the special study literature. At the beginning of the 20^th century it was a personal matter for an interpreter whether to use notes or not. Officially, note-taking used as a professional tool of written fixation of information, appeared in the 1930^th of the 20th century. It was connected with the activity of the League of Nations. The procedure of meetings was preserved in two languages French and English. The rule of conducting meetings required that a speaker could deliver a speech till the end without interruption. Immediately after finishing a speech an interpreter preserved the whole interpretation. In this connection the demand arose both to a translated text and to accuracy of interpretation.

In 1956 J-F.Rozan, J.Erber’s follower illustrated the above mentioned principles giving the appropriate examples. He also offered symbols denoting certain categories, that is tense and voice of verbs, number and gender of nouns. Moreover, he has formulated the principles of vertical lay out of notes on paper.

R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev, in addition to the previous systems, carried out functional classification of note-taking signs. He cleared out symbols of a predicative, modality, symbols of time, quality etc.

In 1980^th of the 20^th century French scientist and translator D.Seleskovitch described mnemonic function of note-taking from the psycholinguistic point of view. “Mnemonic” means the role memorizing and actualization of information in brain and subsequent reproduction of information in the process of interpretation.

A.P.Chuzhakin updated the principles of vertical lay out of notes by offering stepped and diagonal notes on paper. According to the principles, a group of a subject should appear on paper first of all. Then a group of a predicate will appear below and slightly to the right under a group of a subject. Then the direct object will appear below the group of a predicate even more to the right as the previous group, etc.

E.N.Sladkovskaya in addition to the stepped and diagonal principle suggested that attention should be paid not to the syntactic but to the semantic features of utterance. According to her, a semantic subject is taken as a note first of all, then below and to the right a note of an action will appear, then below and to the right a semantic object will appear.

Lecture 3

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