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Text B. How Materials Influence the Schools of Architecture

It is of interest to note briefly the influence of materials the schools of architecture. Where clay abounded, as in Egypt sun-dried bricks were easily and cheaply made. Stone was also obtainable, and because of its durability it became the material of the temples and palaces; the less pretentious dwellings were built in bricks. In Mesopotamia large brick buildings were constructed, and, in the absence of stone and wood to span their areas, the arch and dome came into being.

Greece possessed perfect marble for columns, and beams and the arch and dome received little attention. A fortunate combination oflime, limestone, clay, and pozzuolana gave Rome stone and cement, and the great mass of her structures is largely due to the union of stone, brick, strong mortar, and concrete. In Northern Europe, Switzerland and Russia where forests abounded and other materials were difficult to obtain, wooden architecture was characteristic for buildings of all types.

3. Listen to the text again and answer the following questions:

1. Why did the Egyptians build their temples and palaces from brick and stone?

2. Why did the arch and dome come into being in Mesopotamia?

3. Why did the arch and dome receive little attention in Greece?

4. What materials were structures in ancient Rome built from?

5. What material was widely used in Nothern Europe, Switzerland and Russia?

4. Annotate the text either in English or in Ukrainian. Use the following phrases:

The text is head-lined ...

It informs the reader about...

It deals with ...

The text considerds the problem of...

The main idea of the text is ...

The text describes ...

It gives comments on …

It draws reader’sattention to ...

It is pointed out that …

At the beginning / end …

Further …

The author points out / stresses / informs / considers …

The text is useful and interesting for …

Translate the text into Ukrainian.

VII. Written assignment

Using texts A and В of Unit 7 write a presentation about the most important building materials and their influence on the schools of architecture.

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