OBSERVE

1. Whittaker observed the absorptive role of the fungi in the natural environment.

2. One student performs the experiment, while his partner observes.

3. Hakeem is currently observing the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, and fasts between sunrise and sunset.

4. You can avoid danger by observing these simple rules.

5. Zella and George observed their 55th wedding anniversary last August.

GAIN

1. The knowledge gained from electronic microscopy and molecular biology caused the demolition of the traditional classification schemes of algae, fungi and protozoa.

2. The sport has gained in popularity in recent years.

3. She has gained a reputation as a good communicator.

4. He gained a doctorate in Genetic Engineering.

5. A new-born baby will gain weight at around one ounce per day.

6. Evangelical Christianity has been gaining ground since the Second World War.

7. The dollar has gained 8% against the yen.

8. Fortunately, the investment banks have managed to gain control of the dividends of only big and new companies.

9. A gene in a splurge-weed cell stands to gain by promoting the reproduction of its cell.

GRAMMAR IN USE

I. Complete the table

singular	plural		singular	plural
1) alga 2) ……………. 3) ……………. 4) cilium 5) ……………. 6) crista 7) ……………. 8) ……………. 9) emphasis 10) fish 11) ……………. 12) fungus 13) ……………. 14) helix 15) ……………. 16) larva 17) leaf 18) …………….	1) ……………. 2) analyses 3) bacteria 4) ……………. 5) crania 6) ……………. 7) criteria 8) data 9) ……………. 10) ……………. 11) flagella 12) ……………. 13) genera 14) ……………. 15) hypotheses 16) ……………. 17) ……………. 18) lives		19) medium 20) ……………. 21) ……………. 22) nucleus 23) ……………. 24) paramecium 25) ……………. 26) phylum 27) ……………. 28) plasmodium 29) ……………. 30) species 31) sternum 32) ……………. 33) ……………. 34) taxon 35) ……………. 36) …………….	19) ……………. 20) metamorphoses 21) mitochondria 22) ……………. 23) offspring 24) ……………. 25) phenomena 26) ……………. 27) pili 28) ……………. 29) series 30) ……………. 31) ……………. 32) stimuli 33) syntheses 34) ……………. 35) theses 36) wolves

II. Choose the appropriate word from among those given in Ex. I and use it in the correct number to complete the following sentences. The first letter of each word is given to help you make the right choice

1. _P_________ are unicellular organisms usually less than 0.25 mm in length and covered with minute hairlike projections called _c_________.

2. _B_________ are described as prokaryotes, organisms whose cells lack _n_________.

3. Many bacteria feature small protrusions from their outside cell surface known as _p_________. These hairlike outgrowths assist the bacteria in attaching to various surfaces.

4. Other hairlike extensions called _f_________ are much longer than piliand can be found at either or both ends of a _b_________ or all over its surface.

5. Since the earliest days of plant and animal domestication, around 10,000 years ago, humans have understood that characteristic traits of parents could be transmitted to their _o_________.

6. Pedigree _a_________ can be useful when combined with certain genetic tests.

7. The base level in the taxonomic hierarchy is the _s_________.

8. The many species of organisms in the plant kingdom are divided into several _p_________, or divisions, totaling about 260,000 species.

9. On the next tier of the hierarchy, similar species are grouped into a broader _t_________ called a _g_________.

10. The goals of medicine are to help people live longer, happier, more active _l_________ with less suffering and disability.

11. A _l_________ is an extension of a plant's stem. Although most _l_________ are flat, broad, or bladelike, they also may be many other shapes, including round, oval, or feathery.

12. During replication, the DNA double _h_________ unwinds and bonds joining the base pairs break, separating the DNA molecule into two separate strands.

13. Unlike plants and animals, _f_________ obtain food by absorbing nutrients from an external source.

14. The interior of each _m_________ consists of an inner membrane that is folded into a mazelike arrangement of separate compartments called _c_________.

15. One of the phyla of _a_________, the green _a_________, is believed to have given rise to the plant kingdom, because its chlorophylls, cell walls, and other details of cellular structure are similar to those of plants.

16. Students are reminded that their _t_________ must be handed in by the end of term.

17. Our _h_________ is that the dolphins ate contaminated fish, and this affected the dolphins' immune system.

18. Life on Earth is structurally based on carbon and utilizes water as an interaction _m_________.

19. This definition places great _e_________ on the importance of replication.

20. The DNA molecule consists of a long _s_________ of coded messages capable of directing the _s_________ of specific proteins at any time in the cell or life cycle.

21. The first of the wonder drugs, penicillin, was isolated from a _f_________ Penicillium.

22. Biological _c_________ are based on the premise that the structure and function of an aquatic biological community within a specific habitat provide critical information about the quality of surface waters.

23. The _c_________ or skull is made up of over 20 different bones.

24. A _l_________ is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing _m_________ (for example, insects or amphibians).

LISTENING COMPREHENSION

I. Human pathogens appear in many groups of protists, especially among protozoa. Protozoans of the genus Plasmodium invade red blood cells in humans causing one of the most dangerous infectious diseases – malaria. You are going to hear a text describing some aspects of the disease and ways of its prevention. Before listening discuss the meaning of the words in the box below with your classmates or teacher

chills trembling fever delirium to sweat profusely spleen relentless repeated infection severe anemia

bark bloodstream to render unusable saliva anticlotting agent sporozoite merozoite Jesuit missionary remedy

cinchona tree quinine eradication campaign to stem the illness drug resistance survelliance bednet repellent circulatory system collapse

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The Observer

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Vocabulary notes	\|	II. Listen to the first part of the text and fill in the table below

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