• Гідрологія і Гідрометрія
• Господарське право
• Економіка будівництва
• Економіка природокористування
• Економічна теорія
• Земельне право
• Історія України
• Кримінально виконавче право
• Медична радіологія
• Методи аналізу
• Міжнародне приватне право
• Міжнародний маркетинг
• Основи екології
• Предмет Політологія
• Соціальне страхування
• Технічні засоби організації дорожнього руху
• Товарознавство продовольчих товарів

Vertical and Short take-off and Landing Aircraft

Modern airplanes become heavier and faster. They need more complex and longer runways. Airports are rapidly developing and swallow up more and more precious land. That is why so much research is going into the development of short take-off and landing and vertical take-off and landing aircraft (STOL and VTOL). Most modern planes have thrust reversers which make their engines blow the other way. When the plane lands, the pilot operates a lever and special doors close and block off the normal exit for the exhaust gases, uncovering at the same time the thrust reverser ducts. The exhaust gases are deflected forwards and effectively slow down the plane.

In a VTOL aircraft the deflector nozzles of the gas turbine engine can be rotated to point either downwards for vertical lift, or to the rear for normal forward propulsion. To increase stability and lift during take-off and landing stages of the flight, the VTOL aircraft have two more nozzles near the front of the engine, which expel gases from additional or plenum, combustion chambers. Almost all modern VTOL aircraft operate on this principle of plenum chamber burning (PCB). The VTOL aircraft feature low fuel efficiency and high level of noise.

There are other VTOL projects which attempt to solve the problem in a different way. Some feature lift-fan engines built into the wingtips of the aircraft. Other projects use whole engines that swivel to give either vertical or horizontal thrust. Many outstanding aircraft designers are working on new R&D programs in the field of STOL and VTOL aircraft.

Answer the questions.

1. How does a thrust reverser operate?

2. Why is so much research going into the development of STOL and VTOL aircraft?

3. Why do modern runways become more complex and longer?

4. What happens when the pilot operates the thrust reverser lever?

5. What are the two nozzles near the front of the VTOL engine for?

6. What does the principle of PCB come to?

7. What drawbacks are common to all VTOL aircraft?

8. In what other ways can the VTOL problem be solved?

Topics for Discussion

1. Why airplanes fly.

2. Main parts of the airplanes.

3. Flight controls.

4. How thrust is developed.

5. Types of engines.

6. The jet engines fundamentals.

7. How aircraft fly.

8. One of the world’s largest aircraft.

9. Modern cargo aircraft.

10. Vertical and short take-off and landing aircraft.

UNIT 4

AIRPORT DESIGN

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