• Гідрологія і Гідрометрія
• Господарське право
• Економіка будівництва
• Економіка природокористування
• Економічна теорія
• Земельне право
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• Медична радіологія
• Методи аналізу
• Міжнародне приватне право
• Міжнародний маркетинг
• Основи екології
• Предмет Політологія
• Соціальне страхування
• Технічні засоби організації дорожнього руху
• Товарознавство продовольчих товарів

Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.

Under natural conditions in ponds, lakes, rivers and the ocean fishes rely on natural productivity for their nourishment. Some aquaculturists also use natural food organisms to provide nourishment for the culture species. In China, for example, ponds are stocked with various species of carp that feed on different parts of the food chain. The fish ponds may be fertilized to help promote growth of phytoplankton, zooplankton, rooted aquatic macrophytes and benthic organisms, each of which is fed upon by a different type of carp. In Japan and a few other countries, ground raw fish is often used to feed aquacultured animals (the fish may be fixed with small amounts of dry ingredients). Oysters, mussels and clams are among the various shellfish that feed by algae and other organic nutrients from the water. The culture of those animals requires the presence of large algae concentrations.

Most fishes and invertebrates of aquaculture interest are fed prepared feeds. Such feeds are composed of various ingredients in proper combinations so that the final product will meet the nutritional requirements of the species being fed. Diets vary considerably from one type of aquaculture animal to the next because of differences in nutritional requirements. For example, many crustaceans are unable to synthesize cholesterol, so that chemical must be provided in the feed. Fishes, on the other hand, do not require dietary cholesterol. Determining the nutritional requirements of an aquaculture species can require many years of research. Diets are prepared in which various ingredients are varied with respect to quality and quantity. Then the feeds are presented to the aquaculture species over a period of several weeks to months and the growth response is evaluated.

Experimental diets may be prepared to examine the responses of the animals to variations in dietary protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins or energy. Typical aquaculture diets are relatively simple. They usually contain some type of animal protein (fish meal, poultry by-product meal, meat and bone meal) and other proteins supplied by plants (soy bean, wheat, corn meal, peanut meal and cottonseed meal). The plant products also supply high levels of carbohydrates (sugar and starches). Some species, such as channel catfish, can tolerate levels of 40% carbohydrate in the diet, whereas others, such as trout, tolerate only low carbohydrate levels.

Fat is supplied by the various ingredients mentioned, but supplemental fat is often added in the form of corn oil, fish oil or a variety of others. A mixture of required vitamins and minerals is also usually added. In some instances, wet ground fish is used in the United States as a dietary ingredient. This is particularly true in the Pacific Northwest, where waste products from fish processing plants are readily available.

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