• Гідрологія і Гідрометрія
• Господарське право
• Економіка будівництва
• Економіка природокористування
• Економічна теорія
• Земельне право
• Історія України
• Кримінально виконавче право
• Медична радіологія
• Методи аналізу
• Міжнародне приватне право
• Міжнародний маркетинг
• Основи екології
• Предмет Політологія
• Соціальне страхування
• Технічні засоби організації дорожнього руху
• Товарознавство продовольчих товарів

Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.

If an aquaculturist wants to undertake selective breeding in order to improve the performance of the species under culture, it is necessary to have all components of the life cycle under direct control. For some species it has been necessary to obtain young animals for stocking by collecting them in the wild since reliable means of producing young in a hatchery have not been developed. On other cases wild brood stocks are obtained because we do not have the knowledge required to grow fish to adult size in captivity or, more often, the cost of growing and maintaining brood fish may be too high.

However, the most successful aquaculture species like cycle from egg through adult is controlled by the aquaculturist. Each aquaculture species requires certain conditions for reproduction. These conditions vary widely. For example, some species spawn in fall or winter, some in spring, and some spawn almost continuously. The key to inducing spawning may be changing temperature (such as falling temperatures late in the year or rising temperatures in the spring), increasing or decreasing the amount of daylight present (also known as photoperiod) or a combination of the two. These types of environmental stimulus cause changes in the hormone activities within aquaculture species and lead to the development of eggs and sperm and, finally, induce the behavioral activity that accompanies the actual spawning act.

Many aquatic species broadcast their eggs and sperm into water. The fertilized eggs will become members of the plankton community. Upon hatching the larval animals may continue to swim about in the plankton until they grow sufficiently large to enter the benthos or nekton community. This type of reproductive scenario is typical to shrimp, crabs, lobsters, oysters and certain types of fishes (red drum and striped bass). More specializes reproductive modes are used by many of the species of aquaculture interest.

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