APPENDIX

OLD ENGLISH TEXTS

Text 1. From King Alfred’s translation of the WORLD HISTORY by Orosius (9th c.)

Read the text and the translation. Study the models of analysis and the commentary.

OHTHERE'S ACCOUNT OF HIS VOYAGE AROUND THE NORTH CAPE

Ōhthere sǣde his hlāforde, Ælfrēde cyninʒe, pǣt hē ealra Norðmanna norpmest būde. He cwæð pӕt hē būde on pǣm lande norpweardum wip pā Westsǣ. Hē sǣde pēah pæt pӕt land sie swipe lanʒ norp ponan; ac hit is eal wēste, būlon on fēawum stōwum styccemǣlum wiciað Finnas, on huntoðe on wintra and on sumera on fis- cape be pǣre sǣ.

Model of Grammatical Analysis and Translation

Word as used in the text	Analysis, notes	Corresponding NE word	Translation
Ōhthere ['o:xtxere]	n prop., Nom. sg; S		Ohthere
sǣde	v, also sǣʒde, 3rd p. sg. Past Indef. of secʒan, w. III; P	SAY	said
his	pron pers. Gen. c. of hē, 3rd p. sg, M. (or Poss. pron his)	HIS	to his
hlāforde	n, Dat. sg of hlāford, M. -a	LORD	lord
Ælfrēde	n prop., Dat. sg; M.	ALFRED	Alfred
cyninʒe	n, Dat. sg of cyninʒ, M.-a	KING	king
pæt	conj	THAT	that
hē	pron, 3rd p. sg Nom.; S	HE	he
ealra	pron indef. Gen. pl of eal	ALL	(of) all
Norðmanna	n, Gen. pl of Norðmann, M. root-stem	NORTHMAN	Northmen (Scandinavians)
norpmest	adv	NORTHMOST	to the North
būde	v, 3rd p. sg Past Indef. or Subj. of būan, anom. v; P	rel. to BE	lived (or had lived)
cwæð	v, 3rd p. sg, Past Indef. of cweðan, str., Cl. 5; P	obs. QUOTH	said
on	prep	ON	on
pǣm	pron dent., Dat. sg, N. of sē, sēo, pæt	THAT	the
lande	n, Dat. sg of land, N.-a	LAND	land
norpweardum	adj, Dai. sg. N. of norðweard	NORTHWARDS	to the North
wip	prep	WITH	of
pā	pron dem., Acc. sg of sēo, F.	THAT	that (the)
Westsǣ	n prop., Acc. of Westsǣ, sǣ, F. i-stem	WEST SEA	Atlantic Ocean
pēah	conj	THOUGH	also
pæt	pron dem., Nom. sg, N.	THAT	that
land	n, Nom. sg, N.-a, S	LAND	land
sie	v sg Pres. Subj, of bēon; link-verb	BE	is
swipe	ado	—	very
lanʒ	adj, Nom. sg. N., str. decl.; P	LONG	long
norp	adv	NORTH	north
ponan	adv	THENCE	from there
ac	conj	—	but
hit	pron pers., 3rd p. sg, Nom. N.; S	IT	it
is	v 3rd p. sg., Pres. Ind. of bēon; link-verb	IS	is
eal	pron indef., Nom. sg	ALL	all
wēste	adj, Nom. sg, N., str. decl.	—	uninhabited
būton	conj	BUT	but
fēawum	adj, Dat. pl of lēaw, str. decl.	FEW	tew
stōwum	n, Dat. pl of stōw, F.-wō	STOW	places
styccemǣlum	adv	rel. to STOCK and MEAL	here and there
wlciað	v, 3rd p. pl Pres. Ind. of wician, w. II; P	—	live
Finnas	n, Nom. pl of Finn, M.-a; S	FINN	(the) Finns
huntoðe	n, Dat. sg of huntoð, M.-a	rel. to HUNT	hunting
wintra	n, Dat. sg of winter, M.-u	WINTER	winter
and	conj	AND	and
sumera	n, Dat. sg of sumor/er, M.-u	SUMMER	summer
fiscape	n, Dat. sg of fiscoð/að, M.-a	rel. to FISH	fishing
be	prep	BY	by
pǣre	pron dem., Dat. sg F. of sē, sēo, pæt	THAT	that
sǣ	n, Dat. sg of sǣ, F-i	SEA	sea

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