The development of laboratory medicine in Ukraine

Long before the formation of the department of microbiology, virology and immunology in the second half of last century researches in the field of microbiology began in Kiev University named by St. Vladimir. During 1875-1876 assistant professor V.V. Lukomskii was reading course of mycology including mycoparasitological theory of contagious diseases in the university. The scientific researches of Professor F. A. Lesch of Department of Diagnostic Clinic with the introduction of internal medicine had a prominent role in Medical protozoology (the investigationes of Giardia, balantidiums; opening of pathogenic intestinal amoebae in 1875). He was the founder of medical protozoology.

Apprentice of F.O. Lesch well-known world-renowned physician F.G. Yanovsky founded the bacteriological laboratory at the Medical Faculty. He described in detail the biological features of typhoid fever causes.

Therapeutist Z.H. Zienkiewicz was a researcher of the microbial origin of infectious diseases. In 1884 he defended his dissertation on theme "The significance of lower organisms in the etiology of infectious diseases. "

Regardless of the Frisch surgeon M. Volkovitch discovered and studied the cause of rinoskleromy (1888 year ) which was named as Volkovich-Frisch rod.

Head of the Department of Pathology Professor G.M. Mincha made a significant contribution in exploration of anthrax, plague, leprosy, relapsing fever.

In 1874 G.M. Minh infected himself with blood of patient with relapsing fever and proved the role of mosquitoes in the transfer of causes of spotted fever and relapsing fever. Only forty years later foreign scientists came to this conclusion.

Profoundly studies in immunology belonged to head of the Department of Pathology professor V.K. Vysokovichu. Long before the discovery of phagocytosis by I.I. Mechnikov. He motivated the scientific significance of the human reticuloendothelial system for the protect of infectious diseases and established the relationship between the severity of infection and degree of pathogenicity.

Head of the Department of Pathology V.V. Podvysotsky trained well-known school of microbiologists (D.K. Zabolotsky, G.L. Savchenko and others). Professor V. Podvysotsky organized in Kiev publishing office of the journal "Russian archives of pathology, clinical medicine and bacteriology".

Yet in 1890 professor A. D. Pawlowski had read the first special course of bacteriological diagnosis for medical students at University by St. Vladimir in Kiev.

However, the independent work of the department of microbiology began only in 1919, when resolution of the Board of Commissioners about higher educational institutions in Kiev (on June 6, in 1919) has founded the University of Kiev with medical faculty including Department with Russian teaching and the Department with Ukrainian teaching?

At first there were two Departments of Microbiology, accordingly, two lecturer courses. Department of Microbiology with a course of lectures in Ukrainian professor Mark P. Neschadimenko (1869-1942) led, and with a course of lectures in Russian professor Alex A. Krontovsky (1885-1933) led who went down to the history of microbiology as the author of the teaching about the cells culture.

Final unification of departments to the single Ukrainian-chair took place on Sept. 5, 1920 and uniform Department of Microbiology was established in the Kiev Medical Institute. It was head by Doctor of Medical Sciences Prof. M.P. Neschadimenko. He was heading the department until 1941.

M.P. Neschadimenko was one of the first scientists who studied the action of diphtheria toxin in the human body. His doctoral thesis "Experiental research of blood circulation disturbings with diphtheria toxin poisoning” was defended at the University of Kiev in 1910.

Department with the leading of Professor M.P. Neschadimenko and assistant A. Kozlov studied range of problems associated with exposure of diphtheria toxin-toxoid-antitoxin.

Professor MP Neschadimenko was pioneer in using of toxoid for diphtheria control. He proved experimentally the possibility of immunization with two or more antigens: vaccinia virus, and diphtheria toxoid, as well as vaccine, cholera vaccine and diphtheria toxoid. The idea of ??making associated vaccines continued to evolve at the department in future years (A.P. Moroz, 1947; N.M.Volkova-Sharavskaya, 1950; L.I. Gerus, 1953; A. Tishkov, 1964; L.G. Feshchenko, 1965). Introduction in Ukraine of vaccine BCG against tuberculosis was associated with the name of professor M.P. Neschadimenko.

The problems of new methods of microbiological analysis, examining the role of streptococci in human pathology, basic research of meningococcal disease were included to the scientific interests of M.P.Neschadimenko (with S. Dyachenko).

Some time during the 1879-1942's Department was headed by well-known microbiologist and immunologist Dr. of Medical Sciences, professor Vladimir A. Barykin, scientific director of the Sanitary and Bacteriological Institute in Kiev.

During period of existence there were several organizational changes at the department. Since its foundation until 1936 the Department was united in the Institute. Since the beginning of 1936-1937 academic year, two chairs of microbiology were established at the institute: the first - chair of hygiene and pediatric departments, headed by Prof. MP Neschadimenko, second - chair of Medical Faculty, headed by Associate Professor A. Maryasheva (1886 -1955). Both departments have existed in the institute before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in 1941.

During the Great Patriotic War Department was evacuated with the institute to the Kharkov, then to the Chelyabinsk, where again it was united in the structure of the common medical faculty of the institute. During this period the department was headed by professor S.A. Blinkin.

After the liberation of Kiev from the German aggressors in November 6, 1943, and resume activities of the institute in December 1943 two chairs of microbiology began to function at the institute: the first - chair of hygiene and pediatric departments headed by Doctor of Medical Sciences S. Dyachenko; second - chair of Medical Faculty headed by Associate Professor A. Maryashevoy.

However, on Nov. 14, 1944 the chaires were finally united into a single department for all departments of the institute. Professor S. Dyachenko became the leader.

Well-deserved Scientist of Science of Ukraine professor S. Dyachenko headed the department until 1973, then he was its scientific consultant before his death (January 22, 1992). Well-deserved Scientist of Science of Ukraine Doctor of Medical Sciences prof. S. Dyachenko headed the department since December 1944.

During his work as head of the department collective improved in respect of research and teaching The scientific heritage S. Neschadimenko were formed by 223 scientific works, including 8 monographs, 8 of popular science books. His research interests were focused on such areas:

- All-round study of the antigenic structure of pathogenic coliform microorganisms;

- Study of the etiology of infectious diseases, development of diagnostic methods and synthesis of experiences of their using;

- Study of some physiological mechanisms of immunity;

- Virology;

- Elucidation of philosophical questions of Microbiology and Virology;

- Study of little-known sides of Microbiology and Virology in Ukrainian.

In the years 1973-1979 Honored Inventor of Ukraine PhD Associate Professor Vladimir V. Gashinsky served as head of the chair.

Vladimir V. Gashinsky – pupil of the chair, who worked his way up through the ranks from assistant to the head of the chair. Under his leadership and direct participation original research methods of microorganisms were introduced: mikrokamery for the cultivation of microorganisms under the microscopic control, the new culture mediums, methods for determining microorganism’s sensitivity to antibiotics and others.

On the example of studying of microcycle development of spore-forming bacteria improved previously unknown phenomenon of auto regulation bacterial ontogenesis, reproduced repeated cycle of spore-forming bacteria (VV Gashinsky, V.G. Wojciechowski).

Fundamental studies were conducted to introduce a substitute for agar-agar - agar layer, which is based on polyacrylamide gel (V.V. Gashinsky, V.G. Wojciechowski, T.I. Kraynyukova, I.P. Bilko, V.V. Onishchenko, O.V. Prohvatilo, L.V. Avdeev et al). These studies have been protected by many patents and author’s certificates, and the main developer of VV Gashinskomu was awarded the high title of "Honored Inventor of Ukraine". From 1979 to the present time the department is headed by Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Vladimir P. Shyrobokov.

Head of Department - Prof. V.P. Shyrobokov from 1983 to 1991was head of the DNC in microbiology at the Ministry of Health of the USSR, Honored Scientist: Technology of Ukraine, Member (Academician) of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, corresponding member of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, member of the Russian Academy of Medical and Technical Sciences, and from 1991and now he is chairman of the Problem Commission on Microbiology and Virology at the Ministry of Health and Medical Sciences of Ukraine.

Research interests VP Shyrobokov primarily related to virology, especially with enteroviruses, that academicen devoted much of his scientific way. Under his leadership, the met the candidate and doctoral dissertation made in the department devoted to understanding the underlying molecular genetic basis of the structure and functions of viruses.

But bacteriology also does not remain on the sidelines - has recently attracted the attention of V.P. Shyrobokov problem of the normal microflora of man and the possibility of correcting its disorders by probiotics.

Under the leadership of V.P. Shyrobokov department has become a powerful research center, equipped according to latest request requirements of modern research practices.

c) Post-reading Stage.

- Fill in the missing words

1) … was the founder of medical protozoology.

2) F.C. Yanovsky founded …

3) In 1874 G.M. Minh proved the role of … in the transfer of causes of spotted fever .

4) Profound studies in immunology ssssss to professor …

5) Under … leadership and direct participation original research methods of microorganisms were discovered.

6) From 1979 to the present time the department is headed by professor…

- Divide the text into sense-groups, entitle them.

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