• Гідрологія і Гідрометрія
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• Товарознавство продовольчих товарів

The Course of Supra-Syntactic Phonology

1. Speak about the metalanguage of English prosody.

2. Transcribe tonetically the following verses in accordance with the accepted metalanguage:

It was a lover and his lass,

With a hey, and a ho, and hey nonino, That o'er the green corn-field did pass

In the spring time, the only pretty ring time, When birds do sing, hey ding a ding, ding Sweet lovers love the spring.

* * *

Fear no more the heat of the sun Nor the furious Winter's rages: Thou thy wordly task hast done, Home art gone, and ta'en thy wages, Golden lads and girls all must, As chimney-sweepers, come to dust.

3. What is the difference between the logical and the emphatic stresses?

4. Speak about the isochrony of intonational contours.

5. What is the difference between the isochrony of intonational contours and the symmetry of intonational contours?

6. How can the expression "Balanced Variety" be understood from the point of view of rhythm?

7. What role is played by pauses in isochronous sequences of utterances?

8. Formulate the rules of isochronous sequences of utterances in the scientific register.

9. How can you define the concepts of "enantiosemy", "irony", and "hypocrisy"?

10. Which of the existing definitions of irony do you find more acceptable and why?

11. Speak about the connection between figures of speech and irony.

12. What are the correlations between prosody and irony?

13. Why is the description of emotions with the help of contours only is wrong?

14. What are the main layers of stratifying a text of verbal art?

15. What kinds of prosodic polyphony do you know? Give examples.

16. Is any author's irony good for intensifying or outlining outer images?

17. Is the maximum of expressiveness always good for reading any philological text?

18. What do you know about "Timbre II minus"?

19. What is the approximate ratio of inner and outer images in a work of verbal art?

20. What do you know about prosodic images as a weapon in scientific polemics?

APPENDIX 2 MODELS OF TEXTS: A COLLECTION

Text 1

The Russian world is the world that Russian men and women have created and lived in through centuries of history.

What is 'the Russian spirit' that runs through the history of Russia, recognized, if not always understood, by the non-Russian? To answer this question, let us first look more closely at the geographical position Russia takes between Europe and Asia, which is still considered to be the cause of its numerous problems. The country's geography has helped to shape both: its specific place in history and the psychology of the Russian character. Both were largely affected by the Russian climate — long rainy autumns, severe winters, which still remain fierce and cold despite the global warming. The knowledge, unconsciously assimilated since childhood, that one had to be strong to endure the difficulties and hardships whatever they are, encouraged people's belief in God and the Tsar, which developed and deepened throughout the history.

The Christian religion has moulded the institutions, the architecture, the literature, the customs and traditions of the Russian nation. The long centuries during which religion and power were inseparable meant that there could be a continuity of tradition in the Russian art and the Russian mentality, which distinguished them from the rest of the world.

Text 2

The Russian world is the world that Russian men and women have created and lived in through centuries of history. The achievements and failures of those centuries have moulded the institutions, the art, the religion, the economy, the country and the people of the "mysterious nation".

What were those achievements and failures? What was the character of the culture and the people that it belonged to?

To answer these questions, let us look more closely at the Russian language, which still retains its original beauty despite the catastrophes and revolutions of the past. The Russian language has helped to shape both — the history of the Russian culture and the psychology of the Russian character. The knowledge unconsciously assimilated since childhood that our mother — tongue is unique invariably encouraged a sense of pride, as a symbol of national identity. The long centuries during which the language was untouched by the outside influences meant that there could be a con-

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tinuity of linguistic tradition, impossible in different conditions. Russians have always been conscious of the language they speak, and, from classical masterpieces to works of modern literature, have sought at every level, to preserve and prevent their speech from corrosion and decay.

Text 3

I suppose space must be one of the most wonderful things in the world. It has always fired man's imagination and has always been a source of inspiration for scientists, magicians and writers.

The 4-th of October 1957, the day when the first artificial satellite in history was launched, is a pretty good symbol of the impact made by mankind on every corner of the Universe. Looking at the present spate of space exploration, who could deny the triumphs of the human intellect? Since the 12-th of April 1961, space was to become part of the Universe whose remote beauty until then seemed impossible to dominate.

Both manned and unmanned space flights, though usually considered irreconcilable, have some things very much in common. The first US satellite was launched on January 31 1958, only a few months after the Russian Sputnik. Both nations have participated in a space race during the decades that followed with more than 5000 successful launches of satellites and space probes of all varieties. Both believe in unlimited space expansion, that man's future is in the outer space, that the proper goals of mankind can be achieved through science and technology, and, though some people are finding it prudent to qualify this nowadays, that the Universe resources are there to be exploited and put to use, that big is beautiful, that progress is the same thing as growth.

Text 4

Last year I went to Кижи. There are few places where you can feel more clearly the mysterious spirit of our history. Кижи is what by all means can be regarded as an eighth world wonder. A potent vision of what man can create from plain wood has been amazingly seductive all over the world. For people from other countries Кижи has been a magnet since foreign tourists were permitted to visit this place. The temples of Кижи have been famously successful in surviving and preserving themselves for posterity. They can be regarded as the most fortunate in Russia. During the last 90 years about half its historical heritage has been demolished, half the churches in this country — and there used to be over 300 thousands of them — have been destroyed. Кижи has a difficult past (especially taking into account the numerous fires that occurred there) but its present problems arise from our own carelessness. Why don't we see that if we don't find enough money for restoration works Кижи shall sooner rather than later face a reckoning?

Whatever the case, I've certainly reached the conclusion that there are no easy answers — political or any other — to the problem of preserving our historical monuments, even if it is hard to believe sometimes that such a problem exists. We are still tempted to believe that they will manage to survive without our help.

It has been extraordinary to witness the surge of interest that there has been in Russia for other cultures over the last couple of years: the Egyptian pyramids, the Italian cathedrals, the Tower of London, the maze of Crete — these rather well-known and spectacular sights have attracted a great number of Russian tourists. But why don't we see that such places as Кижи also deserve our attention?

This is the cunning question that concerns me deeply for a number of years. I am, to say the least, no art critic. There are plenty of others who seem to know a great deal more about Кижи than I do. But I would like to raise a few questions. I've gradually come to believe that we cannot solve the problems of restoration, simply by talking about them. Our attitude towards this matter seems to unleash a whole new generation of problems. What interests me is the debate going on beneath the actual issues. It's the debates about values, about what we mean by things like history, culture and national identity.

Text 5

Our modern world is the world that many generations of people have created and lived in through centuries of history. It has its own laws and traditions and all its aspects are not separate, they are interconnected. For example, it is extraordinary to witness how social position helps to shape both — people's character and their behavior, which can go through a dramatic change as soon as a person gets to another rung of the social ladder. How does the social position affect the person's world view?

To answer this question let us first take an example from literature — Julia Lambert and Michael Gosselyn from Theatre' by Maugham. Julia was brought up in a family of a veterinary surgeon, which didn't belong to the highest social circles of the society. To tell Michael the truth about her social origin "Julia had to take her courage in both hands." "For an instant Michael's face stiffened, but he recovered himself immediately and laughed." Born and bred a gentleman in the purely social sense of the term, he may well have felt it unseemly to marry a vet's daughter. And Julia was perfectly aware of the fact.

Later, however, the knowledge (unconsciously assimilated during the long years of her theatrical career) that she was a first-class actress of her time, encouraged a sense of self-confidence, that very often slid into one of superiority.

Text 6

I wonder whether we shall ever know the real answer to the question what the Russian soul actually is. Fate and man between them seem, almost deliberately, to have conspired to keep the secret of the " mysterious Russian soul" at a distance from other peoples of the world. This idea runs through the history of Russia, recognized, if not always understood, by foreigners. The Russian world is the world that Russian men and women have created and lived in through centuries of history. The achievements and failures of those centuries have moulded the traditions, the art, the religion, the education and the people of Russia. What were those achievements and failures? What is the character of the country and the people that had experienced them? What is the "Russian spirit", which makes this country so attractive and mysterious for foreigners?

To answer these questions let us first look more closely at the geographical position of this enormous country which doesn't really belong either to the West or to the East. Both systems of living, though usually considered irreconcilable, have influenced the moulding of the Russian nation. Russia's geography has helped to shape both the history of its people and the psychology of the Russian character. The knowledge — unconsciously assimilated since ancient times — that Russia separated the East from the West encouraged a sense of curiosity and a specific attitude towards everything new and unusual. The long centuries during which Russia fought with numerous invaders, both from the East and from the West, as well as the mediate character of its geography, meant that the influence of their culture was particularly strong and that there was a unique mixture of the two different world views and ways of life impossible in any other country. Some Russian characteristics, upon which both natives and visitors have tended to agree, have to do with national psychology: patience, forbearance, philosophical disposition, the primacy of reflection over activity and so on. Others, equally marked, have to do with this country's social and historical experience, and are more easily illustrated than described. Here we have the famous Russian hospitality, love of games and festivities of all kinds and, though some people are finding it prudent to qualify this nowadays, a preoccupation with our history and traditions.

Text 7

I suppose this must be one of the most cunning questions of all times — people and government as the two extremes, which men and women of different nationalities have tried to solve through centuries of history.

Then I suspect that the dramatic events, which have taken place recently in this country, are a pretty good symbol of the ever-lasting conflict,

which these two powers are constantly engaged in. Financial crisis, violence and murder, widespread corruption, the general collapse of law and order — these rather fateful phrases have gradually become part of our daily lives.

I wonder why we are still tempted to believe that people in power know better, that the situation is very much under control, and, though some people are finding it prudent to qualify this nowadays, that we still have enough reasons why to vote for this or that candidate, whose life seems to be an endless dedication to duty and public service. Looking at their fierce battles on the TV screens, which of us could deny the hardships and difficulties of our politicians' lives? This, however, is not much consolation for ordinary people, when in the last few years the inflation has reached an unprecedented level.

Whatever the case, I've gradually reached the conclusion that there are no easy answers — social or psychological — to the crisis of trust and understanding between people and government as the two opposites, which sometimes are considered irreconcilable, as if they had nothing in common and didn't have the same troubles and hopes to live in a country, which one day must be really rich, prosperous and self-reliant.

Text 8

I suppose this must be one of the most famous notions in the world — democracy and the ways to achieve it, which concerns people deeply for very many centuries. Whatever the case, numerous attempts to form 'the government of the people, by the people, and for the people', as Abraham Lincoln has put it, are a pretty good symbol of the impact made on our mind by this form of society, the idea of which has already evolved in Ancient Greece. Social equality, freedom of thought, speech and religion, the assertion of the rule of law — these rather impressive phrases have gradually become part of our daily lives. By using them all the time and insistently repeating them in mass-media in different contexts and situations, politicians make people believe that "there is none of us so mean and base" who could deny the triumphs of democracy in this country.

I am, to say the least, no political expert. There are plenty of others, who seem to know a great deal more about the subject than I do, but I think to talk about democracy is one thing, but to actually get up and 'do' it is another matter altogether.

Only a few years ago we lived in a country, whose ancient culture was dominated by communism — another system of society, which proclaimed democratic principles and forms of existence. Both ideologies, though nowadays very often considered irreconcilable, have some things very much in common. Both proclaimed an unlimited freedom of expression, that whatever criticisms we have to make and whatever points of view we may

share, they should necessarily be voiced and discussed openly and wholeheartedly, and, though most of us have always found it prudent to qualify our opinions not only at that time, but nowadays as well, that freedom is our final aim, that democracy has nothing to do with dictatorship.

But recently our attitude has gone through a dramatic change. We've come to value strength of spirit and personality in our leaders. It's high time we should stop accusing each other of attacking democracy, of removing our Prime Ministers, dismissing our Parliament and dissolving our governments, because the only chance for us to win, let alone survive, is to roll up our sleeves and work together for the triumph of democratic principles and speaking prowess, so that words would presuppose immediate deeds, and freedom of expression would come together with the general feeling of responsibility.

Text 9

As soon as we finished school and grew older, we knew it was time we should learn 'to row our boats' and move them in the right direction. It didn't matter whether they moved up or down the stream: if you failed to do so, your future would be uncertain. The great test of that was the summer of 1999 when we entered the University. And some of us had a feeling (since our life seemed to be full of problems, troubles and dangers) that it was a little bit too much of a good thing, and that there was more to life than just books and examinations. When we found we were students, our attitude has gone through a dramatic change. We felt we couldn't just relax and let nature take its course: we had to develop a sense of responsibility. Our parents always taught us that 'succeeding' is 'doing', that prosperity should come out of perseverance, not inactivity.

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