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RUSSIAN NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS

Every year, six Nobel prizes are awarded for outstanding work in science, literature, economics and the promotion of peace. This international prize was founded by the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite and built up companies and laboratories in countries all over the world.

Many Russians have been nominated for the Nobel Prize since it started in 1901 and 19 of them have received the Nobel Prize for their outstanding contributions, particularly in the field of physics, but also in other areas.

The first Russian Nobel winner for medicine (1904) was Ivan Pavlov. He made many remarkable discoveries about blood circulation and the central nervous system and he discovered the conditioned reflex through his research on the digestive system. His experiments on dogs had a great impact on behavioural psychology.

Mickail Sholokhov, the outstanding 20^th century Russian writer, wrote and published a number of short stories while completing his most famous work And Quiet Flows the Don, which took him fourteen years to finish. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1965.

In 1978, Russian physicist Pyotr Kapitza was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. He founded the Institute for Physical Problems in Moscow, and he was the oldest scientist ever to win the award.

The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded over the years to individuals and organizations that work actively for peace and greater understanding. It was suspended during both World Wars. It has been awarded to Russian physicist and civil rights campaigner Andrei Sakharov (1975) and to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev (1990).

1. The Nobel Prize is awarded annually.

2. Ilya Mechnikov is the only Russian who has won the Nobel Prize for medicine.

3. Pavlov’s work promoted the development of psychology.

4. Two Russians have been the Nobel Peace Prize winners.

TEST 2

Match the names of Russian Nobel Prizewinners to their descriptions.

a) Boris Pasternak

b) Ivan Bunin

c) Alexander Solzhenitsyn

d) Nikolay Semyonov

e) Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov.

1. A Russian writer wrote “The Gentleman from San Francisco”, which won him a Nobel Prize in 1933.

2. In 1964, two Russian physicists shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Charles Touwns from the USA.

3. Many of his works are autobiographical, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970.

4. He made a great contribution to the study of chemical chain reactions, and in 1956 he became the first Russian to gain the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

5. A Russian poet and novelist is also known for his translations of Shakespeare’s tragedies; in 1957 he wrote the novel “Doctor Zhivago”, which was followed by a Nobel Prize.

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