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Two components of grammar

• Morphology is concerned with the structure of words (word-building and form-building).

• Morphemes and words/word-forms

• Paradigmaticrelations of units.

• Syntaxstudies combinations of words in sentences, organization of utterances.

• Phrases/word-groups and sentences/clauses

• Syntagmaticrelations of units.

MORPHOLOGICAL UNITS

• The word is the smallest naming unit characterized by the unity of form and content/meaning.

• morphemes – the smallest /minimal meaningful units:

• over-care-ful-ness

• dis-agree-d

MORPHEMES

• lexical (free morphemes – roots);

• lexico-grammatical (stem-building, or derivational affixes – prefixes and suffixes);

• grammatical (form-building suffixes – endings/inflexions).

• Morphs –speech/textual representations of the morpheme.

• Allomorphs – different variants of the same morpheme.

• Positivevs zero morphemes.

TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION

• complementary (allomorphs) – the same meaning in different environments:

books, dogs, children

• contrastive – different meaning in the same environment: played – playing

• non-contrastive – the same meaning in the same environment): learned– learnt

SYNTAGMATIC RELATIONS

• linearrelations of dissimilar units in a speech chain;

• unite linguistic elements which can combine, but not replace each other;

• The elements connected syntagmatically produce a unit of a higher rank.

Between phonemes

t - ea - ch vs ch - ea - t (* t - ch - ea)

Between morphemes

teach - er (* er - teach)

Between words

teachers and students

(*and teachers students)

PARADIGMATIC RELATIONS

• systemic relations observed in language;

• associative relations of partially similar units;

• unite elements which cannot combine but can replace each other in a speech chain.

A paradigm is a set of units related to each other by association with some distinctive feature, or category.

• LEXEME (common lexical meaning — different grammatical meanings)

Play plays played playing

• GRAMMEME (common grammatical meaning — different lexical meanings)

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