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Played smiled brought spoke

2. Main gram notions. GM & G form.

The basic notions of G are: G meaning(the plan of content), G form ( the plan of expression), G category.

G meaning is considered to be very abstract, general, indirect, obligatory, relative. G meanings are realized in relations of word-forms. G meaning must have a G form of expression (form-building morphemes, inflections → suffixes –b means of world building, analytical forms, sound alternations, word order, etc./). 1 & the same meaning can be expressed both lexically & grammatically. The word ‘form’ may be used in a narrow sense to denote a means of expressing a particular individual grl meaning. Il may be used to denote categorical forms. It can also be used to denote the form of a lex-grl class of words (part of speech).

There is no direct corresponding between grl meaning & grl form in English. 1 form can express 2 or > grl meanings ( s pl for a N, 2^nd person sing, the Gen case of N, making up a N #news). As a result >> polysemy & homonyny. 1 unit of the plane of content = 1 grl meaning can correspond to 2 or , units of the plane of expression (# foot – feet, oxen, children). G category is a generalized G meaning realized through the opposition of variants of 1 & the same unit which differ in individual G form & have different individual G meanings within 1 categorial meaning. Number – S & Pl. G categories are revealed by means of opposition. Partially similar elements (elements having common & dictinctive features constitute oppositions. Quantitatively oppositions are divided into binary & ternary ( big ÷ bigger ÷ the biggest). Qualitatively they are divided into 1) privative boy ÷ boys one element of opposition has a clearly seen marker which differentiates it from another element – called a strong marked element – is marked in its meaning, it is more definite & narrower; weak (unmarked) member has a wider, more general meaning. 2) equipollent – am ÷ is a specific type of opposition where both elements have specific features. 3) gradual – the idea of gradation (adjectives) big ÷ bigger ÷ the biggest. There are 2 types of oppositional relations: 1) neutralization – when the weak member of the opposition acquires the meaning of the strong member read ÷ is reading 2) transposition – when the strong member is used in the context typical for the weak member (usu stylistically marked) You are being naughty. The G category exists only if there is an opposition of at least 2 forms. If tere is 1 form only, there is no G category. 1 G form is usu a sum of several categorical forms. It can express meanings & different categories. 1 form can’t express different meanings of the same category.

Criteria for analytical forms:

• coexists with the synthetic forms of the same grammatical category. No category is represented only by analytical forms. There are no analytical words, but there are analytical forms of the word:Is reading vs reads — is afraid cf afraid

• There should be no parallel synthetical forms with the same grammatical meaning. (Cf.Subjunctive I and the Suppositional Mood).

• An analytical form should possess absolute productivity.

• The meaning of the analytical form is global.

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