The brief content of the lecture

1.Eve defeat of Germany many projects of peace discussed. Ideas about foundation of Universal International Organizations discussed in France. Washington and London suggested joint international organizations. About 400 projects were proposed. Famous of them – foundation United States of Europe. This plan was elaborated by Austrian count R.Kudehove-Kallegary in 1923. In works “Pan-Europe”, “Struggle for Pan-Europe”, Europe wake-up” he developed ideas of Pan European federation and All European international organizations. Many projects expressed interests of state-winners.

On January 8, 1918 American President W.Wilson proposed 14 points about post war regulations. One of them was foundation of the League of Nations. On January 27, 1919 project was suggested to Conference in Versailles and on April 28, 1919 was adopted. 2 projects of the League of Nations Charter were proposed to Parisian Conference: “House” (USA), and “Horst” (Great Britain). American document was adopted as a basically document. IWW ended by formation of Versailles-Washington system, and League of Nations was a part of it as a first international universal organization.

Charter of the League of Nations was included 26 articles of Versailles Treaty, San-Zherman (10 September, 1919, confirmed disintegration of Austro-Hungary), Trianon Treaty (regulated relations with Hungary: Transilvan was given to Rumania, Chorvatia – to Yugoslavia, Slovakia-to Czech, Nay Treaty (relations with Bulgaria) and Sevr Treaty (establishment relations with Turkey and confirmed collapse of Ottoman empire).

Inter political struggle and isolation sights dominated, and American Congress didn’t ratificate Versailles Treaty and League of Nations Charter, that’s why USA didn’t become a member of the League of Nations, meanwhile had non-official representatives in General Assembly and it’s working bodies.

2. The main index of international relations was a problem of membership of the League of Nations. Principle of equality which was suggested by Americans was rejected by France and Britain (colonial empire). American model was adopted.

Chapter 1. “Each states, dominions and colonies can be a member of League Nations, if 2/3 of the League vote for it.” 26 states became a members of the League, 4 dominions and India as a state fought against Germany.

Charter declared a procedure of free entrance and leaving of League. Right of free entrance was used by Germany in 1926, the USSR in 1934, Egypt in 1937. Right of free leaving was realized by Brazil in 1928, Japan in 1933, Germany in 1933, Italy in 1937. Soviet Union was excluded from the LN in 1939 after invasion to Finland.

Structure of the League of Nations looks like a small model of the UNO:

- Assembly

- Council

- Secretariat

- Auxiliary bodies

Assembly worked in Geneva under the head of President elected each year and 6 vice-presidents. Assembly convoked each year (usually in September) and considered adoption of new members, election of Council members, confirmation of General Secretary, budget, financial control commission etc. (like UNO nowadays).

First session was held in 1920 in hotel “National” in Geneva. Commissions were formed. Later Palace of Nations became a Head-Quarter of the League of Nations.

Council of the League of Nations (nowadays Security Council) should been consist of 5 big states: Britain, USA, France, Italy, Japan, which had a status of permanent members, and four non-permanent: Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Greece. Later 3 categories of the Council members were introduced: permanent, semi permanent, and non-permanent.

General Secretariat like an Assembly situated in Geneva and consist of General Secretary, secretaries and personal assigned by General Secretary. General Secretaries were: D.Drammond (Great Britain) in 1920-1932, G.Avenol (France) in 1933-1940, S.Laster (Ireland) in 1940-1946.

League of Nations existed from 10 January 1920 till April 1946, when XXI session passed it right to the UNO.

3. After the IIWW preservation of peace, prevention of conflicts by peaceful means were main aim of world commonwealth. The main stages of the formation of the UNO:

- On January 1, 1942 26 states signed Declaration in Washington known as Declaration of the UN;

- On October 19-30, 1943 conference of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, USA and Great Britain was held in Moscow. Decision about foundation of Universal International Organization for preservation of peace and security, based on sovereignty principle was adopted;

- These principles were confirmed by heads of 3 states in Tehran in December 1943;

- In 1944 Conference was held in Dumbarton Oaks, where Charter of the UNO was elaborated;

- Crimean Conference confirmed some principles of Dumbarton Oaks Conference.

Division of the powers of Security Council and General Assembly was a main problem. Soviet Union suggested to give high rights to the Security Council, the USA and Great Britain to General Assembly. After a long negotiations compromise variant was adopted: General Assembly discuss any questions, but can’t adopt compulsory decisions.

Trusteeship Council: Soviet Union proposed total independence of colonies; Great Britain had conservative position, USA a double position.

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