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Discuss the following questions

1. The general characteristics of word-stress:

a) the nature of word-stress;

b) definitions of word-stress;

c) terms synonymous to stress.

2. Types of word-stress:

a) the classification of word-stress according to its relevant features;

b) the classification of word-stress according to its placement in a word;

c) the classification of word-stress according to the degree of special prominence.

3. The accentual tendencies of English:

a) recessive tendency;

b) rhythmic tendency;

c) retentive tendency;

d) semantic factor.

4. Functional characteristics of word-stress:

a) constitutive function;

b) distinctive function;

c) recognitive function.

5. The application of the knowledge about the accentual structure of English in teaching.

Comment on the following terms

1. Word-stress (word-accent), prominence, inherent prominence, special prominence, accentual structure of a word (stress-pattern), accenteme.

2. Dynamic stress (force-stress), musical (tonic) stress, qualitative stress, quantitative stress, fixed word-stress, free word-stress, constant stress, shifting stress, primary stress, secondary stress, weak stress, tertiary stress, recessive stress, unrestricted recessive stress, restricted recessive stress, rhythmical stress, historically (diachronically) rhythmical stress, synchronically (genuinely) rhythmical stress.

3. Stressed syllable, strongly-stressed syllable, weakly-stressed syllable, unstressed syllable, pretonic syllable, post-tonic syllable.

Compare the following definitions of the word-stress

2. Word-stress is the singling out of one or more syllables in a word which is accompanied by the change of the force of utterance, pitch of the voice, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the sound, which is usually a vowel.

3. Word-stress is a complex phenomenon, marked by the variations in force, pitch, quantity and quality.

4. Word-stress is a greater degree of prominence, given to one or more syllables in a word, which singles it out through changes in the pitch and intensity of the voice and results in qualitative and quantitative modifications of sounds in the accented syllable.

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