Appendix 4.

How to write a Summary

Information can be:

1. Content-factual (содержательно-фактуальная);

e.g. rendering, retelling. You focus on facts.

2. Content-conceptual (содержательно-концептуальная);

e.g. summary, gist; annotation. You focus on facts, their meaning.

3. Content-implicative (содержательно-подтекстовая);

e.g. interpretation. You focus on facts and their meaning, symbols and implications.

	Dos	Donts
General approach	Be selective. Single out major facts. Follow the sequence	Don't focus on details. Don't focus on minor facts. Don't be sporadic
Lexic	proper names neutral lexic synonyms	pronouns colloquial, literary lexic repetitions
Grammar	simple sentences Present Indefinite, Present Perfect indirect speech	composite sentences with clauses, gerundial or participial constructions Past Indefinite, Past Perfect direct speech
Style	no more than 3 — 5 quotations with quotation marks neutral style laconic style, clear point of view	more than 3 — 5 examples from the text EMs and SDs (metaphors, epithets, etc.) lengthy sentences

Appendix 5.

The Frame of a Summary

Introduction: 1 paragraph (1 – 2 sentences) Facts to be mentioned: the author, the title, the genre and the theme of the text, its appreciation.

The body: 2 – 6 paragraphs.

Conclusion: 1 paragraph.

In all: 250 words, 10 – 15 logical connectors

Connectors and Sequence Markers

Logical connectors and sequence markers

a) Cause:

therefore so accordingly consequently as a consequence/result hence (formal) thus (formal) because of this that's why (informal)

b) Contrast:

yet however nevertheless still but even so all the same (informal)

c) Condition:

then in that case

d) Comparison:

similarly in the same way

e) Concession:

anyway at any rate

i)Contradiction:

in fact actually as a matter of fact indeed

g)Alternation:

instead alternatively

Textual connectors and sequence markers

a) Addition:

also in addition moreover furthermore besides too overall what's more (informal) in brief/short

b) Summary:

to sum up then overall in brief/short

c) Conclusion:

in conclusion finally lastly to conclude

d) Equivalence:

in other words that means namely that is to say or rather

e) Inclusion:

for example for instance say such as as follows (written) e. g. (formal and written)

f) Highlight:

in particular in detail especially notably chiefly mainly

g) Generalisation:

usually normally as a rule in general for the most part in most cases on the whole

h) Stating the obvious:

obviously naturally of course clearly

Appendix 6.

Stylistic devices

<== попередня сторінка	\|	наступна сторінка ==>
Summary	\|	Repetition and Variation

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