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Communicative functions.

Similes

• A simile requires less of an imaginative leap than does a metaphor. A simile states thtat A is like B, whereas a metaphor suggests that A actually is B.

• The simile is one component of imagery. This is the process of evoking ideas, people, places, feelings and various other connections in a vivid and effective way.

• Imagery is used in both written and spoken communication in many varieties of form, from advertising to poetry and from chatting to speech-making.

• Simile, metaphor and symbol are the main types of imagery, and the result is that communication acquires a creative and vital quality which somehow springs from the essential act of comparison.

• So, a raindrop can become a crystal, fear can become an abyss, and jealousy a monster.

• By employing imagery, we interpret the material world and use language to transmit our vision.

SYNONYMS

The speaker resorts to synonymic nomination of the same notion due to a number of reasons. These reasons become obvious if we turn to functional predestination of synonyms.

1. Compositional function.If the same word is repeated a number of times in a limited fragment of speech, the speech becomes clumsy, monotonous and stylistically crippled:

John came into the room. John was excited. John threw himself into the arm-chair...

The clumsiness is removed by means of contextual synonyms: John = he =

the man = Sam's brother = the victim of the situation, etc.

В кінці вулиці з’явився якийсь чоловік. Він чогось озирався назад і поспішав.

2. Specifying function.To describe the object in a thorough, profound and detailed way, the speaker composes a chain of synonymic words of the same syntactic function:

Oswald's life was fading, fainting, gasping away, extinguishing slowly.

Edgar was such a scoundrel, such a blackguard, such a villain, such a rascal.

А яка вода в Основі! Лагідна, ласкава, м’яко-шовкова.

Зелений світ, вмитий росами, лящав, висвистував, видзвонював лунко, переливався розмаїтістю акордів, ладів, тонів.

3. Intensifying function.A chain of synonyms is a potent means of expressing human feelings and emotions. Scores of subjective modal mean­ings may be rendered with the help of synonymic repetition: request, invita­tion, gratitude, gladness, impatience, certainty, hatred, irritation, disgust, hor­ror, indignation, fury, etc. For example:

Could you leave me now, Rupert. I'm exhausted, tired,weary of the whole thing!

Kill him, Johnnie! Murder him! Slaughter him like a pig!

Вони знов давай його просить, давай його благати.

Ну й перелякався я, отетерів з ляку.

Читайте також:

1. Communicative activities
2. Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to Participle Constructions in different syntactic functions.

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