ADDITION

Types of grammatical transformations.

By grammatical transformationswe mean changes in the grammatical structure of the sentence in the process of translation.

English is an analytical language. Words in a sentence are connected by word order, that is syntactically, while in Ukrainian or Russian (synthetical languages) – by both the word order and inflexions. Here both morphological and syntactical aspects play an equal role. This priority of syntax in English creates some difficulties for translation.

(1) Rearrangement (permutation) (Miram: transposition)

(2) Substitution (replacement)

(3) Addition (transformation through extension)

(4) Omission

(5) Reduction

(6) Integration (merger – (Korunets’))

(7) Partitioning (breaking)

REARRANGEMENT/ PERMUTATION

is change in the order of the components in the sentence/ utterance

E.g.: A mass demonstration of the unemployed took place in London yesterday.

Вчора в Лондоні відбулася масова демонстрація безробітних.

E.g.: A dog growled in one of the yards as the men went by(Steinbeck) – Коли чоловіки проходили повз один з будинків, у його дворі загарчав собака.

· structures There is/ There are

· (Cf: There is a book on the table vs The book is on the table vs A book is on the table);

· E.g.1: There was real passion in his voice, and in spite of myself I was impressed (W.S.Maugham);

· – У його голосі відчувалась справжня пристрасть; всупереч моєму бажанню вона захопила мене.

· E.g.2: There was no possibility of taking a walk that day (Ch.Bronte)

· – Того дня ми не змогли піти на прогулянку.

· E.g.3: There were sounds coming from the Castle Rock (W.Golding)

· – З замку долинали звуки.

SUBSTITUTION is transference of an idea expressed by a definite grammatical category in the SL by a different grammatical category of the TL

He is an early riser = He rises early = Він рано встає

She is a good dancer = She dances well= Вона гарно танцює.

At the age of 18 Charles earned an honest living =Чарльз чесно заробляв собі на життя.

The French president – президент Франції.

An industrial accident”, the doctor said (Hemingway)

Нещасний випадок на заводі, – сказав доктор.

The door was opened by Jack.= Jack opened the door = Двері відчинив Джек

Minutes later, it seemed I was awakened by someone shaking me (H.Lee)

Здавалося, минуло всього кілька хвилин, а мене уже хтось торсав за плечі.

implies supplementing some elements in the TL version to adequately render the meaning of the source language utterance.

The roads were sentinelled by oaks.

Обабіч дороги, ніби вартові (мов на варті), стояли дуби.

He waved her into a car.

Він дав їй знак рукою, щоб вона сіла у машину.

E.g.2: He helped him into the car. Він допоміг йому сісти в машину.

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Additions

<== попередня сторінка	\|	наступна сторінка ==>
Faithful and equivalent translation.	\|	ІІ. Актуалізація опорних знань.

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