I. Grammar Revision

Modal Verbs

В англійській мові є група дієслів /can, may, must, should, need, have to..., be to.../, які називаються модальними. Вони не мають усіх основних форм властивих іншим дієсловам: і тому називаються недостатніми (Defective Verbs). Модальні дієслова не вживаються самостійно, а лише в сполучені з інфінітивом іншого дієслова.

Модальні дієслова не виражають дії або стану, а лише можливість, необхідність, бажаність, ймовірність, здатність виконання дії, позначеної інфінітивом.

Modal Verbs + have (done)

could have (done)is used to say that we had the ability or the opportuning to do smth. but did not do it.

Eg.: We could have gone to the cinema last night but we decided to stay at home.

couldn’t have (done) is used to say that you wouldn’t have been able to do it if you had wanted or tried to do it.

Eg.: The football match was cancelled last week. Tom couldn’t have played anyway because he was ill.

must have (done) is used to express supposition.

Eg.: The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. I must have been asleep.

needn’t have (done) is used to say that someone did smth. but it wasn’t necessary.

Eg.: Ann bought some eggs, but at home she found plenty of eggs. So she needn’t have bought any eggs.

shouldn’t have (done) is used to say that someone did a wrong thing.

Eg.: I’m feeling sick. I shouldn’t have eaten so much chocolate.

should have (done) is used to say that someone didn’t do it, but it would have been the right thing to do.

Eg.: You should have come to the party yesterday.

Modal Verb	Present Indefinite	Past Indefinite	Future Indefinite	Meaning
OBLIGATION	must V	He must do it.			Необхідність, обов’язок зробити щось.
– Must he do it?
– No, he mustn’t.
(No, he needn't).
have to V	He has to do it.	He had to do it.	He'll have to do it.	Необхідність, обов'язок, що виникає через обставини.
He doesn't have to do it.	He didn't have to do it.	He will not have to do it.
Does he have to do it?	Did he have to do it?	Will he have to do it?
be to V	He is todo it.	He was to do it.	He will be to do it.	Необхідність, обов'язок, що виникає через обставини.
He isn't todo it.	He wasn't do it.	He will not be to do it.
Is he to do it?	Was he to do it?	Will he be to do it?
should V	He should do it.			Порада.
ABILITY	can V	He cando it.	Hecould do it.		Можливість, вміння виконати дію.
He can'tdo it.	Hecouldn'tdo it
Canhe do it?	Couldhe do it?
	Could you give me a book?		Ввічлива форма прохання.
be able to V	Heis able todo it.	Hewas able todo it.	Hewill be able todo it.	Бути спроможним щось зробити.
	Heisn't able todo.	He wasn't able to do it.	Hewill not be able todo it.
	Is heable todo it?	Was heable todo it?	Willhebe able todo it?
PERMISSION	may V	Hemaydo it.	He mightdo it.		Дозвіл, прохання виконати дію. Припущення.
	Hemay notdo it.
	Mayhe do it?
be allowed to V	Heis allowed todo it.	Hewas allowed to do it.	Hewill be allowed todo it.	Дозвіл виконати дію.
	Heisn't allowedto do it.	Hewasn't allowed todo it.	Hewill not be allowed todo it.
	Isheallowed to do it?	Washeallowed todo it?	Willhebe allowed todo it?

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Text B. The Engineer and Construction Industry	\|	II. Vocabulary Comprehension

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