Text B. The Engineer and Construction Industry

The cost of a project is influenced by the requirements of the design and the specifications. Prior to completing the final design the engineer should give careful consideration to the methods and equipment which may be used to construct the project. Requirements which increase the cost without producing commensurate benefits should be eliminated. The ultimate decisions of the engineer should be based on a reasonable knowledge of construction methods and costs.

The following are indicative of methods which an engineer may use to reduce the costs of construction:

1. Design concrete structures with as many duplicate members as practical in order to permit the reuse of forms without rebuilding.

2. Simplify the design of the structure where possible.

3. Design for the use of cost-saving equipment and methods.

4. Eliminate unnecessary special construction requirements.

5. Design to reduce the required labour to a minimum.

6. Specify a quality of workmanship that is consistent with the quality of the project.

7. Furnish adequate foundation information where possible.

8. Refrain from requiring the contractor to assume the responsibility for information that should be furnished by the engineer or for adequacy of design.

9. Use local materials when they are satisfactory.

10. Use standardized specifications, with which the contractors are familiar, where possible.

3. Listen to the text again and answer the following questions:

1. What is the cost of a project influenced by?

2. What should the engineer give careful consideration to?

3. What are the ultimate decisions of the engineer based on?

4. How many indicative methods are offered to reduce the costs of a construction?

5. How do you understand each of these methods? Give your comments.

4. Annotate the text either in English or in Ukrainian. Use the following phrases:

The text is head-lined…

It/the text informs the reader about…

It/the text deals with…

It/the text considers the problem of...

The main idea of the text is…

It/the text describes…

It/the text gives comments on…

It/the text draws reader’s attention to…

It is pointed out that…

At the beginning/end…

Further…

The author points out/stresses/informs/considers…

The text is useful and interesting for…

Translate the text into Ukrainian.

VII. Written assignment

Using text A and B of Unit 5 write a short presentation about the building of a house and its costs. Interview each other in pairs. Get ready to present this information.

6.	1. Types of Buildings.
2. Bearing Wall and Skeleton Frame.
3. Modal Verbs[9].

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VI. Listening Comprehension	\|	I. Grammar Revision

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